Contents:

Vlachs of Serbia

Popuolus Timocanorum- Romanii din Dreapta Dunarii

Cum i-a ajutat contrabanda pe vlahi să-şi aducă aminte că-s români

 Vlachi-Rumani se organizeaza

Orthodox Church Organization 

Vlachs of Serbia

Vlachs (Romanians) of Serbia
Rumâni din Sârbie

Total population
40,000 (census 2002) 250,000–400,000 (estimated)
Regions with significant populations
Central Serbia
Languages
Vlach (Romanian)
Religion
Eastern Orthodoxy.

The Vlachs of Serbia (endonym: Rumâni, Serbian: Власи or Vlasi) are an ethnic minority of Serbia, culturally and linguistically an ethnic subgroup of Romanians^[1].

Vlachs mostly live in eastern Serbia, mainly in Valea Timocului region (roughly corresponding to Bor and Zaiecar districts), but also in Braničevo and Pomoravlje districts. Also a small Vlach population exists in Smederevo and Velika Plana (Podunavlje District), and in the municipalities of Aleksinac and Kruševac (Rasina District), as well as in the South Banat District in Voivodina.

Identity

Romanians (Vlachs) from the village Zdrelo in 1868

The name they identify with Rumâni din Sârbie in fact means Romanians from Serbia. The Romanian(Vlach) community consider Romania as their home country^[2]. Although they are ethnographically and linguistically related to the Romanians, within the Vlach community there are divergences on whether they belong or not to the Romanian nation and whether their minority should be amalgamated with the Romanian minority in Vojvodina.^[3]

In a Romanian-Yugoslav agreement from the November 4, 2002, the Yugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia^[4], but the agreement wasn't applied^[5]. In April 2005, many deputies from the Council of Europe protested against Serbia's treatment of this population^[6]. In March 2007, the Vlach (Romanian) organizations announced the intention to put on trial the Serbian state.^[7] In August 2007, they have been officially recognized as a national minority, and their language was recognized to be the Romanian.^[8]

Origins of Vlachs/Romanians of Northeast Serbia

The origins of the Vlachs/Romanians of northeast Serbia are not well known to most Vlachs, principally because nothing is taught about the subject in Serbian schools^[3]. As Roman-speakers, the Vlachs can relate to the Roman ruins (forts, roads, palaces, graves, baths, aqueducts, mines, half-buried cities etc.) that are scattered in NE Serbia^[9][10], as indeed they are throughout the entire Balkan Peninsula. Following Roman withdrawal from Dacia in the third century, much of what is now Serbia and Bulgaria was renamed Dacia Aureliana (later Dacia ripensis), and an undetermined number of Romanized Dacians was settled there^[11]. Strong Roman presence in the region persisted through the end of Justinian's reign in the 6th century^[12].

The Vlach region of NE Serbia was part of the 12th–13th century Second Bulgarian empire (called in Romania Vlacho-Bulgarian), whose first rulers, the Asens, are sometimes considered Vlach^[13].. The chroniclers of the crusaders describe meeting with Vlachs in the 12th and 13th century in various parts of what is now Serbia^[14][15]. Serbian documents from the 13th and 14th century mention Vlachs, including Tsar Dushan's famous prohibition of intermarriage between Serbs and Vlachs^[14][15]. Fourteenth and fifteenth century Romanian (Valachian) rulers built churches in NE Serbia^[16]. Fifteenth century Turkish tax records (defters) list Vlachs in the region of Branicevo in NE Serbia, near the ancient Roman municipium and colonia of Viminacium^[17]. The 16th–17th century warlord Baba Novac (Starina Novak), who served as Michael the Brave's general, was born in NE Serbia^[18]. Thus the modern descendants of all these people can be held to originate south of the Danube.

Starting in the early 18th century NE Serbia was settled by Romanians (then known by their international exonym as Vlachs) from Banat, parts of Transylvania, and Oltenia (Lesser Walachia)^[14]. These are the Ungureni (Ungurjani), Munteni (Munćani) and Bufeni (Bufani). Today about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean subdialect. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians, originating in Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia), also settled south of the Danube^[19]. These are the Ţărani (Carani), who form some 25% of the modern population. The very name Ţărani indicates their origin in Ţara Româneasca, i.e., "The Romanian Land," Wallachia and Oltenia. It should be noted that from the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction. Significant migration ended with the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Rumania, respectively, in the second half of the 19th century.

The lack of detailed census records and the linguistic effects of the Ungureni and Ţărani on the entire Vlach population make it difficult to determine what fraction of the present Vlachs can trace their origins directly to the ancient south-of-the-Danube Vlachs. The Vlachs of NE Serbia form a contiguous linguistic, cultural and historic group with the Vlachs in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria, as well as the Romanians of Banat and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).

Some authors consider that the majority of Vlachs/Romanians in Timocka Krajina are descendants of Romanians that migrated from Hungary in the 18th and 19th century^[20].

Language

The language spoken by the Vlachs consists of two distinct Romanian subdialects of Romanian dialects spoken in the neighboring regions of Romania: one major group of Vlachs speaks the subdialect spoken in the Mehedinţi county in western Oltenia, while that of the other major group speaks a subdialect similar to the Romanian subdialect spoken in the neighboring region of Banat.

The Romanian language is not in use in local administration, not even in places where more the members of the minority represent more than 15% of the population. (according to Serbian law, the use of the language in local administration is allowed in places where the minority has a percentage higher than 15%).^[3]

The Romanian vocabulary in Central Serbia. Researches made by Gustav Weigand:

The Romanian linguistic areal	The extension of the Banatian dialect in Central Serbia

Religion

Most Vlachs(Romanians) of Eastern Serbia are Orthodox Christians and they used to belong the Serbian Orthodox Church since the XIX century until 24.03.2009 when Serbia recognized the authority of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Valea Timocului and the confessional rights of the Vlachs(Romanians).^[21].

Previously, the 2006 Serbian law on religious organizations didn't recognize the Romanian Orthodox Church as a traditional church, as it received permission from the Serbian Church to operate only within Vojvodina, but not in Timočka Krajina.^[3] At Malajnica, a Vlach priest belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church met deliberately raised administrative barriers in his attempt to build a church.^[3][22] Other Romanian Orthodox churches are planned or under construction in Jasikovo, Cuprija, Bigrenica and Samarinovac. Additionally, a Romanian Orthodox monastery is under construction in Malajnica. The Romanian Orthodox churches in Eastern Central Serbia are subordinated to the Protopresbyteriat Dacia Ripensis with its seat in Negotin. The protopresbyteriat is subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox diocese Dacia Felix with its seat in Vršac.

The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious customs and beliefs that are frowned upon by the Orthodox Church. Vlach magic rituals are well known across Serbia. Like other Balkan peoples, notably the Serbs, the Vlachs celebrate the praznic (slava), though its meaning is chtonic (related to the house and farmland) rather than familial. The customs of the Vlachs (Romanians) are very similar to those from Southern Romania (Walachia).^[23]

Subgroups

Vlachs are divided into many groups, each speaking their own variant:

• the Ţărani (Serbian: Carani)
• the Ungureni or Ungureani (Serbian: Ungurjani)
  • Ungureni Munteni (Serbian: Ungurjani-Munćani), meaning: "the ungureni from the mountains"
• Bufani

Of these, the Ungureni of Homolje are related to the Romanians of Banat and Transylvania, since Ungureni (compare with the word "Hungarians") is a term used by the Romanians of Wallachia to describe their kin who once lived in provinces formerly part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The connection is evident in the similarities of dialectal phonology and folk music motifs as well as in sayings such as "Ducă-se pe Mureş" (May the Mureş take it away), a reference to the Transylvanian river.

The Ţărani of the Bor, Negotin and Zaječar regions are closer to Oltenia (Lesser Walachia) in their speech and music. The Ţărani have the saying "Nu dau un leu pe el" (He's not worth even a leu). The reference to "leu" (lion) as currency most likely goes back to the 17th century when the Dutch-issued daalder (leeuwendaalder) bearing the image of a lion was in circulation in the Romanian principalities and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire whose own currency was habitually being debased by the government. In the Romanian principalities, as well as in Bulgaria, the leeuwendaalder (in Romanian and Bulgarian leu and lev, respectively) came to symbolize a strong currency. Indeed on gaining independence in the 19th century both countries adopted this name for their new currencies. Since newly independent Serbia named its currency (the dinar) after the Roman denarius, the reference to the leu among the Ţărani is an indication of their connection to, if not origin in, what is now Romania.

There has been considerable intermixing between the Ungureni and Ţărani so that a dialect has evolved sharing peculiarities of both regions.

The Bufani are immigrants from Lesser Walachia (Oltenia).

There is also a population of vlachophone (Vlach speaking) Roma centered around the village of Lukovo, as well as a few Aromanian families who live in Knjaževac, but they form a tiny migrant group.

Ethnic map of the Balkans from 1861, by Guillaume Lejean

Ethnic map of the Balkans prior to the First Balkan War, by Paul Vidal de la Blache.

Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Vlachs highlighted

Dushan’s prohibition^[24] of a land-bound serf (i.e., Serb man) from marrying a then Vlach(today Romanian) woman testifies to the desire of the agriculturalists to ease their oppression by returning to the relatively freer life led by the Vlachs(Romanian).

Population

Settlements inhabited by Romanians (Vlachs) before WW1

Localities with a Romanian majority in Central Serbia (census 1921) and Northern Bulgaria (census 1920)

In the 2002 census 40,054 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs, and 54,818 people declared themselves speakers of the Vlach language.^[25] The Vlachs of Serbia are recognized as a minority, like the Romanians of Serbia, which number 34,576 according to the 2002 census. On the census, the Vlachs declared themselves either as Serbs, Vlachs or Romanians. Therefore, the "real" number of the people of Vlach origin could be much greater than the number of recorded Vlachs, both due to mixed marriages with Serbs and also Serbian national feeling among some Vlachs.

[edit] Historical population

The following numbers reflect on the possible number of Vlachs in the censuses:

• 1816: 97,215 Romanians (10% of Serbia's population.)^[26]
• 1856: 104,343 Romanians^[27]
• 1859: 122,593 Romanians
• 1866: 127,545 Romanians (10,5% of Serbia's population)^[28]
• 1884: 149,713 Romanians
• 1890: 143,684 Romanians
• 1895: 159,000 Romanians (6,4% of Serbia's population)^[29]
• 1921: 159,549 Romanians/Cincars by mother tongue in Serbia (Vojvodina is not included)
• 1931: 57,000 Romanians-Vlachs by mother tongue were recorded in Eastern Serbia (52,635 in the Morava Banovina and the rest in southern parts of Danube Banovina, south of the Danube).
• 1953: 198,793 Vlach-speakers in central Serbia (169,670 declared as Serbs, 29,000 as Vlachs)^{[citation needed]}
• 1961: 1,330 Vlachs
• 1981: 135,000 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figure given for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)^[30]
• 1991: 71,536 Vlach-speakers in Serbia (of those 53,721 Serbs, 16,539 Vlachs; out of the 17,807 declared Vlachs, 677 Serbo-Croat-speakers)^{[citation needed]}
• 2002: 40,054 declared Vlachs, 54,818 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for entire Serbia) or 39,953 declared Vlachs, 54,726 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for Central Serbia only)^[25]

The Vlach (Romanian) population of Central Serbia is concentrated mostly in the region limited by Morava River (west), Danube River (north) and Timok River (south-east). See also: List of settlements in Serbia inhabited by Vlachs.

By some Romanian and Western European organizations, in eastern Serbia live around 250,000 - 400,000^[31][32]people of Romanian(vlach) origin.

Vlach identity

The term "Vlach" is the English transcription of the Serbian term used to describe this group (Vlasi), while "Roumanians" or "Romanians" is the English transcription of its Romanian counterpart (român/rumân).^[33][34]

Despite their recognition as a separate ethnic group by the Serbian government, Vlachs are cognate to Romanians in the cultural and linguistic sense. Some Romanians, as well as international linguists and anthropologists, consider Serbia's Vlachs to be a subgroup of Romanians. Additionally, the Movement of Romanians-Vlachs in Serbia, which represents some Vlachs, has called for the recognition of the Vlachs as a Romanian national minority, giving them similar rights to the Romanians of Vojvodina. However, on the last census results most Vlachs (Romanians) of Eastern Serbia opted rather for the Serbian exonym vlasi (=Vlachs) than rumuni (=Romanians). ^[25] As a result of serbianization, most Vlachs declare themselves as "Serbs" on the census during Communist Yugoslavia, though the number of those who preferred to declare Vlachs or Romanians strongly increased from 1991 (16,539 declared vlasi and 42 declared rumuni) to 2001 (39,953 declared vlasi and 4,157 declared rumuni)

Romania has given modest financial support to the Vlachs for the preservation of their culture and language, since at present the Vlachs' language is not recognized officially in any localities where they form a majority, there is no education in their mother tongue and there is no media or education funded by the Serbian state. Also there are no church services in Vlach. Until very recently in the regions populated by Vlachs church policy opposed the giving of non-Serbian baptismal names.

Family names of Vlachs either are or sound Serbian because from the late 19th century up to the 1918 there was an edict that all citizens of Serbia should have last names ending in -ić, the base of the name usually coming from the then father's name: Nikolić, Marković, Radulović. There are a few notable exceptions where the Romanian origin is evident, as in Jepurović (from iepure, meaning rabbit), Florić (from floare, meaning flower) or Stangačilović (from stângaci, meaning left-handed).

On the other hand, some Vlachs consider themselves to be simply Serbs that speak the Vlach language. In fact ethnic research has found^{[citation needed]} that among the Serb-speaking population of Eastern Serbia, some are Slavicized Vlachs and some Vlach-speakers were formerly Slavs (such as in the village of Šljivar near Zaječar and the village of Slatina near Bor, where Serbs had been assimilated as Vlachs for centuries) or even Roma (such as in Lukovo).

Vlach is commonly used as a historical umbrella term for all Latin peoples in Southeastern Europe (Romanians proper or Dacoromanians, Aromanians, Meglenoromanians, Istroromanians). After the foundation of the Romanian state in the 19th century, the Romanians living in the Romanian Old Kingdom and in Austria-Hungary have only seldom been called "Vlachs" by the foreigners, while the use of the newly created exonym "Romanians" was encouraged even by officials and the Romanian population ceased to use the exonym "Vlach" for their own designation. Only in the Serbian and Bulgarian Kingdom, where the officials didn't encourage the population to use the modern exonym "Romanian", the old designation "Vlach" was kept, but the term "Romanian" was used in statistical reports (but only up to the Interwar period, when they changed even here the designation "Romanian" into "Vlach").^[35] From this reason, the Romanians of Vojvodina (hence those who lived in Austria-Hungary), prefer to use today the modern exonym "Romanian", while those of Central Serbia still use the ancient exonym "Vlach". However, both groups use the endonym "Romanians", calling their language "Romanian" (română or rumână).^[36]

In some notes of the government of Serbia, officials recognise that "certainly members of this population have similar characteristics with Romanians, and the language and folklore ride to their Romanian origin. The representants of the Vlach minority sustain their Romanian origin.^[37]

Famous Vlachs

• Bojan Aleksandrovic (Boian Alexandrovici), the priest who in 2004 successfully defied the authorities to build the first Romanian Orthodox Church in eastern Serbia in the last two centuries^[38][39] .

• Zoran Lilić, who was the president of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia between 1993 and 1997.

• Branko Olar, originating from the village Slatina near Bor, was one of the best known singer of Romanian folklore from Eastern Serbia.

• Staniša Paunović, originating fron Negotin, a well-known singer of Romanian folklore from Eastern Serbia.

• Nikola Pašić (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола П. Пашић, at the time also spelled Pashitch or Pachitch), (1845 - 1926) . Pašić was born in the eastern Serbian town of Zaječar in a Vlach (but Aromanian) family. His relatives lived all over Timoc Valley, in Serbia and Bulgaria and during his political career, the relatives from Bulgarian Timok, gave him sanctuary, when his political enemies banned him from Serbia. He inherited the Serbian name Pašić from his Serbian stepfather. Mayor of Belgrade (1890–91 and 1897) several times prime minister of Serbia (1891–92, 1904–05, 1906–08, 1909–11, 1912–18) and prime minister of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (future Yugoslavia, 1918, 1921–24, 1924–26) he was an important politician in the Balkans, who, together with his counterparts like Eleftherios Venizelos in Greece or Ionel Brătianu in Romania, managed to strengthen their small, national states against strong foreign influences, most notably those of Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Russia. Fellow politicians nick-named him "The Father of Yugoslavia".

See also

• Romanians of Serbia
• Romanians in Bulgaria
• History of the term Vlach
• Vlachs

References

1. ^ http://www.cnmnr.org.rs/ko%20su%20vlasi.html
2. ^ http://www.cnmnr.org.rs/ko%20su%20vlasi.html
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} "The situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia", at the Council of Europe, 14 February 2008
4. ^ Adevărul, November 6, 2002: Prin acordul privind minoritatile, semnat, luni, la Belgrad, de catre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, statul iugoslav recunoaste dreptul apartenentei la minoritatea romaneasca din Iugoslavia al celor aproape 120.000 de vlahi (cifra neoficiala), care traiesc in Valea Timocului, in Serbia de Rasarit. Reprezentantii romanilor din Iugoslavia, profesori, ziaristi, scriitori, i-au multumit, ieri, la Pancevo, sefului statului pentru aceasta intelegere cu guvernul de la Belgrad. Acordul este considerat de importanta istorica pentru romanii din Valea Timocului, care, din timpul lui Iosip Broz Tito, traiesc fara drept la invatamant si viata religioasa in limba materna, practic nerecunoscuti ca etnie. "Nu vom face ca fostul regim, sa numim noi care sunt minoritatile nationale sau sa stergem cu guma alte minoritati", a spus, ieri, Rasim Ljajic, ministrul sarb pentru minoritati, la intalnirea de la Pancevo a presedintelui cu romanii din Iugoslavia. Deocamdata, statul iugoslav nu a recunoscut prin lege statutul vlahilor de pe Valea Timocului, insa de-acum va acorda acestora dreptul la optiunea etnica, va permite, in decembrie, constituirea Consiliului Reprezentantilor Romani si va participa in Comisia mixta romano-iugoslava la monitorizarea problemelor minoritatilor sarba si romana din cele doua state. In Iugoslavia traiesc cateva sute de mii de romani. Presedintele Ion Iliescu s-a angajat, ieri, pentru o politica mai activa privind romanii din afara granitelor: "Avem mari datorii fata de romanii care traiesc in afara granitelor. Autocritic vorbind, nu ne-am facut intotdeauna datoria. De dragul de a nu afecta relatiile noastre cu vecinii, am fost mai retinuti, mai prudenti in a sustine cauza romanilor din statele vecine. (...) Ungurii ne dau lectii din acest punct de vedere", a spus presedintele, precizand ca romanii trebuie sa-si apere cauza "pe baza de buna intelegere".
5. ^ Curierul Naţional, 25 ianuarie 2003: Chiar si acordul dintre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, semnat la sfarsitul anului trecut, nu este respectat, in ceea ce priveste minoritatile, deoarece locuitorii din Valea Timocului, numiti vlahi, nu sunt recunoscuti ca minoritari, ci doar „grup etnic“.
6. ^ Parliamentary Assembly, 28 April 2005: Deeply concerned over the cultural situation of the so-called “Vlach” Romanians dwelling in 154 ethnic Romanian localities 48 localities of mixed ethnic make-up between the Danube, Timok and Morava Rivers who since 1833 have been unable to enjoy ethnic rights in schools and churches
7. ^ Gardianul, 21 March 2007: Romanii timoceni din Serbia dau in judecata Guvernul de la Belgrad
8. ^ România Liberă, 16 August 2007: Romanii din Valea Timocului, cunoscuti drept vlahi, au obtinut recunoasterea statutului de minoritate nationala. Decizia guvernului de la Belgrad inseamna, printre altele, ca limba romana ar putea fi predata in premiera in scolile din Serbia unde romanii timoceni sunt majoritari, transmite BBC, preluat de Rompres.
9. ^ "Viminacium"
10. ^ (Serbian) "Felix Romuliana"
11. ^ Alaric Watson, Aurelian and the Third Century, Routlege, 1999.
12. ^ William Rosen, Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe, Viking Adult, 2007.
13. ^ Wolff, Robert Lee Wolff, The Second Bulgarian Empire: Its Origin and History to 1204, SpeculumVolume 24, Issue 2 , 1949.
14. ^ ^{a b c} (Croatian)Zef Mirdita, Vlasi u historiografiji, Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb 2004.
15. ^ ^{a b} Noel Malcolm, Kosovo, A short History, University Press, NY, 1999.
16. ^ (German) Felix Kanitz, Serbien, Leipzig, 1868.
17. ^ Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A short History, University Press, NY, 1994.
18. ^ (Serbian) , Starina Novak
19. ^ (Serbian) Kosta Jovanovic, Negotinska Krajina i Kljuc, Belgrade, 1940
20. ^ Aspects of the Balkans: continuity and change. Contributions to the International Balkan Conference held at UCLA, October 23–28, 1969
21. ^ http://www.ziuadevest.ro/actualitate/5863-biserica-roman-din-timoc-a-fost-recunoscut-de-ctre-curtea-suprem-de-justiie-a-serbiei.html
22. ^ "Biserica românească din Malainiţa ameninţată din nou", BBC Romanian, 16 September 2005
23. ^ http://www.ziarullumina.ro/articole;940;1;24534;0;Obiceiuri-de-inmormantare-la-romanii-din-Timoc.html
24. ^ Radovan Tomasevic, Srpsko Naslede, Istorijske Sveske, 6, 1998. (in Serbian)
25. ^ ^{a b c} (Serbian) Official Results of Serbian Census 2002–Population by ethnic groupsPDF (477 KiB), p. 2 and Official Results of Serbian Census 2002–Population by languagePDF (441 KiB), p. 12
26. ^ (Romanian) V. Arion; Vasile Pârvan; G. Vâlsan; Pericle Papahagi; G. Bogdan-Duică. România şi popoarele balcanice (1913). Tipografia Românească. Bucureşti, p. 22
27. ^ Guillaume Lejean, Ethnographie de la Turquie d'Europe, Gotha. Justus Perthes 1861
28. ^ Geographisches Handbuch zu Andrees Handatlas (Leipzig und Bielefeld, 1882): 1866 zählte man 1.058.189 Serben, 127.545 Rumänen, 24.607 Zigeuner, 2589 Deutsche und 3256 andere.
29. ^ Geographisches Handbuch zu Andrees Handatlas 1902: Fast die ganze Bevölkerung, über 2 Mill, besteht aus Serben, außerdem gab es, nach der Zählung von 1895, 159.000 Rumänen und 46.000 Zigeuner
30. ^ (Serbian) Ranko Bugarski, Jezici, Beograd, 1996.
31. ^ Gardianul, 27 Mar 2007
32. ^ Deutsche Welle, 23.4.2003
33. ^ Ziua.net
34. ^ Interview with Predrag Balašević, president of the Romanian/Vlach Democratic Party of Serbia: "We all know that we call ourselves in Romanian Romanians and in Serbian Vlachs."
35. ^ [1] Serbian/Romanian. The Helsinki Commitee for Human Rights in Serbia. The Vlachs/Romanians or the Romanians of Eastern Serbia and the "Vlach/Romanian question". Bor 2000/2001/2002.
36. ^ Website of the Federaţia Rumânilor din Serbie
37. ^ Viorel Dolha, Totul despre românii din Timoc (All about Romanians in Timoc)
38. ^ "SERBIA: Romanian priest to pay for official destruction of his church"
39. ^ (Romanian) [http://www.rgnpress.ro/Politic/Haiducul-credintei-din-Valea-Timocului-Boian-Alexandrovici-decorat-de-presedintele-Basescu.html "Haiducul credintei din Valea Timocului, Boian Alexandrovici, decorat de presedintele Basescu"]

• M. V. Fifor. Assimilation or Acculturalisation: Creating Identities in the New Europe. The case of Vlachs in Serbia. Published in Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in Central Europe, Jagellonian University, Cracow 2000
• Vlasi... ko su, sta su i odakle poticu ? (Serbian language)
• Viorel Dolha - Totul despre românii din Timoc (I, II, III, IV, V, VI) (Romanian language)

External links

• Romanians-Vlachs of Serbia
• The Vlach (Roumanian) Federation of Serbia
• Museum of Majdanpek
• MP3 recordings of Vlach speech
• Romanian Ethnogenesis
• Maps of Vlachs in north-east Serbia
• The Vlachs in Yugoslavia and their magic
• The Vlach gardens of Eastern Serbia
• Report on the State of Human Rights of Rumanians and Vlachs in Serbia
• History of the Romanians living on the South of the Danube (Romanian/Serbian)
• Where the Vlachs of Homolje gather
• [2]

[hide] v • d • e Ethnic groups in Serbia   Serbia Serbs · Armenians · Bosniaks (ethnic Muslims) · Bulgarians · Chinese · Jews · Roma · Romanians (Vlachs) · Croats · Montenegrins · Macedonians   Vojvodina Banat Bulgarians · Bunjevci · Croats (Šokci) · Danube Swabians (Banat Swabians) · Hungarians (and Székelys) · Montenegrins · Pannonian Rusyns · Roma · Romanians · Serbs · Slovaks · Macedonians   Kosovo[a] Albanians · Gorani · Croats · Montenegrins · Serbs · Roma (Ashkali & Egyptians) · Turks   Demographic history of Serbia · Vojvodina · Kosovo   ^a Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The Assembly of Kosovo unilaterally declared its independence on 17 February 2008, while Serbia claims it as part of its own sovereign territory. Kosovo is recognised by 69 of the 192 UN member states.

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 Romanii din Dreapta Dunarii

"LIBERTATEA", New York

Director: Nicolae Nitã

Anul V, Iunie, Nr. 47 1986

  Un oarecare condei sud-slav cu "simt istoric" mai dezvoltat si pus pe critica si autocritica, cum s'ar zice, facea nu demult urmatoarea reflexie: "Inca din vechime, in perioada migratiunii lor, stramosii nostri slavi au inceput cu hotia furand altora vitele si stupii..." El nu spune cine erau cei furati de catre stramosii sud-slavilor de azi. Noi stim insa din tot contextul istoric al acelor vremuri departate ca vitele si stupii in cauza erau ai stramosilor nostri Daco-Romani,  prin tinuturile carora se scurgea spre sud, spre Balcani si Macedonia, migratiunea lenta a slavior veniti de dincolo de Carpati, de prin mlastini. Cum nu se simteau legati de pamantul nostru si de oamenii de pe la noi, ei luau, pradau ca ursii [la fagurele de miere] si mergeau mai departe la traco-romanii din sud.

  Imediat, in continuare, amintitul condei noteaza cu sinceritate: "Iar cand, in cele din urma, au sosit in aceste parti pe unde traim noi astazi, stramosii acestia ai nostri au furat pamanturile saracilor Iliri, Celti si Traci". Adica,  adaugam noi, a unei populatii de acum in buna parte tot romanizate.

  Credem ca e bine zis. Iata un mod obiectiv de a trata istoria!

  Pacat insa ca autorul nu arunca o privire si in istoria mai noua si cea contemporana, spre a constata ca hotia recunoscuta [autocritic] pentru perioada veche dureaza sub multiple aspecte pana in zilele noastre. S'a furat de la descendentii traco-ilirilor si celto-dacilor romanizati de prin Dacia Aureliana si cea Mediteraneana de odinioara autonomia si dreptul valah cel vechi. Pana si limba romanica li se furã; se stirbeste din identitatea lor ethnica in interesul demografic al altora. Pentru ca, trebuie amintit si aceasta, pe aci, in special prin Valea Timocului si apoi mai departe prin cea a Vardarului, s'au scurs in continuare gloatele navalitoare, bine caracterizate in comportare de catre descendentul lor din vremea noastra. Apoi, cu silnicie s'au pus si stapani pe plaiuri si peste bastinasi.

  Tocmai in acest sens l'a completat pe cel sus citat, intr'o alta imprejurare, un compatriot al sau, profesor de istorie, aratand elevilor sai pe un Roman localnic trecand pe strada si zicandu-le: "Il vedeti pe batranul acela ce original e imbracat si cum merge drept pe mijlocul strazii. Acesta e unul ce reprezinta pe locuitorii cei vechi, bastinasi ai acestui pamant, pe care stramosii nostri veniti aci din tinuturile lor de origina, i-au gasit aici, pe loc. Numai ca el aceasta n'o stie si e bine asa!"

  In clasa erau si 3-4 elevi "Vlahi", adica fildani intru mostenire ai mosului. La intrebarea precauta a profesorului daca vor fi fiind careva dintre ei pe aci, acestia au tacut chitic, nu s'au aratat. Se rusinau, aveau complex de inferioritate. Socati insa, au tinut minte "lectia" de istorie; cel putin acesta care ne relateaza intamplarea. Batranul acela mergea cica semet, drept, avand pe el cioareci de aba alba, zabun negru lung, caciula mare de lana, incaltat cu obiele si opinci, cu straita lui specifica atarnata la subsuoara îmbãieratã peste umarul celalalt. Portul lui ce vechi adica, vlah-romanesc. Bastonul de muntean si-l tinea in pozitie orizontala, purtat cu el ca "sa fie la nevoie". Mergea in treaba lui; pe semne sa procure de aci din oras grunzi de sare pentru oile si mioarele lui de la tarla. Era, zice, o aparitie exotica, desi frecventa. El, bastinas anteslav al pamantului care, iata, nici nu stia aceasta. Mandria o avea insa pastrata.

  La Sofia, un profesor de limba latina a luat odata apararea unui elev al sau, descendent si acesta cu limba si cu datina din bastinasii traco-romani, spunand colegilor lui slavo-bulgari care-i scuipau origina, ca tocmai el este purtator al graiului descins din acea limba superba, latina, pe care ei, iata, o invata cu dansul.

  Iata asadar numai doua "secvente" din existenta inca si astazi putin cunoscuta a Daco-Romanilor din nordul Serbiei si al Bulgariei, asezati nu numai pe marginea Dunarii, cum deobicei se crede, ci raspanditi mult mai adanc in aceste zone.

  Numarul lor sa tot fie de vreo 450.000 laolalta. Statisticile oficiale au grije insa sa le reduca numarul la cifre minuscule, simbolice. Ei populeaza regiunile sud-dunarrene dintre raurile Morava si Timoc, la sud pana mai spre Nis, in Serbia; apoi nord-vestul Bulgariei pana spre Lom. Masa lor prezinta continuitate geografica, aceasta insa este divizata in doua de granita iugoslavo-bulgara, trasata de partea dreapta a apei Timocului, pana la Dunare.

  Ce e cu acesti Romani? 

  Pe scurt spus, ei sunt, in ciuda tuturor vicisitudinilor de care au avut si au parte, o ramura inca verde si viguroasa a tulpinei intregului neam romanesc, daco-roman. N'au fost niciodata cuprinsi in aceleasi hotare politice cu acesta. Au ramas totdeauna o populatie romaneasca de dincolo de granitele Tarii. Sunt  numiti unerori Romani timoceni, Romani de pe Valea Timocului. Numire improprie; pentru ca vaile Moravei si Mlavei, cum si muntii Homoliei, unde ei deasemeni populeaza numeroase localitati, sunt tinuturi situate departe de Timoc. Pentru altii dintre ei, bucla aceea caracteristica a Dunarii intinsa spre Romania e ca un gât izolator. Impropriu iarasi ni se pare, din cauza situatiei geo-politice, a-i numi "timoceni" si pe Romanii din Bulgaria, regiunea Vidinului. Dupa cum socotim inadecvat a-i cuprinde sub numitorul comun de "sud-dunareni", cum se face, pe Aromanii din Pind si Macedonia, situati departe in sudul Peninsulei Balcanice, sau pe Istro-Romani, situati departe in vestul acesteia.

  Mai definitorie decat "timoceni" e numirea "Romanii din dreapta Dunarii", preconizata de Emanoil Bucuta care s'a ocupat indeosebi de ei. Socotim insa ca zicand "Daco-Romanii sud-dunareni" inlaturam orice confuzie cu Aromanii, Megleno-Romanii, Farserotii, Istro-Romanii, cu totii situati geografic atat de departe. Cand e vorba insa de toti laolalta, atunci aceste grupuri sunt "Romani din Peninsula Balcanica". In limbajul stiintific, sub raport istorico-lingvistic, ei constituie: Romanitate bacanica.

  Romanii din dreapta Dunarii nu-si zic "timoceni"; desi din vechime era cunoscut acolo un "popuolus Timocanorum". Pronuntarea Timocanorum". Pronuntarea latina "Timacus" [cum si "timacii"] a Daco-Moesilor provenea de la o denumire mai veche in pronuntarea Tracilor, in speta a Tribalilor care au trait pe langa aceasta apa. Romanii de acolo pronunta astazi: Timoc. Ii poti auzi pe Romanii din Serbia zicandu-si "timoceni" atunci cand stau de vorba cu Romanii din tara, ei stiind ca acolo asa li se zice. Altfel, ei isi spun simplu "Rumâni", adesea cu precizarea geografica: slatinean, homolean, laznicean, dunarean s.a. In anii postbelici au acceptat si ei,  spre mai buna lamurire a interlocutorului de alt neam, a-si zice "Vlasii", "Vlahutii", cum cu insistenta îi numesc Sarbii si Bulgarii. Limba si-o  numesc insa si in acest caz "rumâneasca", adjectivul acesta socotindu-l intraductibil.

  Nu numai cele aratate, dar si multe alte curiozitati poti intalni la acesti Romani. Toate deriva din faptul, vom sublinia, ca graiul lor niciodata n'a capatat o forma scrisa; niciodata, pana la ziua si ora prezenta, n'a putut el sa fie auzit ca limbã de predare in vreo clasa de scoala, nici folosit in massmedia, vazut scris in carte, ascultat la recitatie etc. Graiul Romanilor din dreapta Dunarii n'a avut si n'are statut de limba recunoscuta public. Clar spus: aceasta limba [romaneasca] este proscrisa. In perioada interbelica, in Bulgaria se aplica amenda si se proceda la taierea faldurilor camasii pentru vina de a fi vorbit in loc public, la targ, romaneste. Sub noul regim aceasta nu s'a mai facut. In schimb din noile legitimatii personale este eliminata orice rubrica de apartenenta etnica si lingvistica, pe motiv ca toti asemenea s'ar fi integrat in noua "natiune socialista bulgara". 

  Data fiind aceasta situatie, vei ramane uimit de zapaceala acestui Roman sud-dunarean in materie de limba si de aprtenenta ethnica sau cetatenie. El este convins, de exemplu, ca nici nu poate exista pe lume scoala cu invatamant pe romaneste sau carte cu slove romanesti, iar cand vede, e cuprins de uimire si fascinatie muta. Daco-Romanii din partea bulgareasca au si "gustat" odinioara ceva invatamant romanesc la liceul din Sofia, apoi cei din Serbia au fost pururi lipsiti de asa ceva. "N'avem gramatica la limba noastra" -iti zice cate unul, el intelegand prin aceasta tot ce e cultura si invatamant in limba proprie. "Nu e badeste vreme [=timpul viitorului] in vorba noastra [graiul nostru]" -il vei auzi pe altul instruit in limba bulgara si nu s'a descurcat in identificarea categoriilor gramaticale din graiul sau, de unul singur. "Noi limba noastra materna incepem s'o invatam abia la sapte ani, cand pornim la scoala" -il vei auzi spunand pe al treilea. Uluit mai intai, afli indata "misterul" ciudatului rationament: de la scoala sarba, respectiv bulara, el a retinut ca limba respectiva se defineste ca limba materna a "tuturor" copiilor.  Iar limba vorbita pana la varsta scolara, il vei auzi, aceea e limba rumâneascã. Altul zicea ca, el ca elev vorbea cu mama sa in locuri publice limba sarba; deci iata limba materna; iar romaneasca ce o invatase de la mama si o vorbea deasemeni zilnic, aceea era pur si smplu "altceva".

  Precum se vede, grava si incredibila schilodire a sufletului, pricinuita de ghetarul asternut peste creier si intretinut cu persistenta de un sovinism balcanic, in acest caz slav [pentru Aromani "ghetarul" fiind de factura greceasca]. Nu-l topeste nici flacara culturii si conceptiilor moderne.

  Scrie si la carte ca ei, acesti Romani, bãgati panã despartitoare intre doua neamuri slave ce-si disputa alte ethnii si cu acestea si teritorii, scrie ca ei sunt Sarbi, respectiv Bulgari; numai doar si-au amestecat limba slava cu niste expresii "vlahe" pe acolo. Si cartea e, mai ales pentru un rustic, inca ceva "sfant", indiferent de continut. Teoria aceia pseudostiintifica si inconsistenta, de-a dreptul ridicola, merita a fi redata dupa nivelul ei astfel:

  Romanii actuali din dreapta Dunarii au fost Sarbi respectiv Bulgari si au facut la un moment dat tastbast inapoi la "vetrele" lor de alta data, pomenindu-se acum ca vorbesc romaneste. Cuvine-se deci, ca ei sa revina la limba lor initiala sarbo-bulgara si in acest scop scoala si biserica slavizanta, alta data; instructiunea intensificata in cadrul noilor natiuni socialiste sau autogestionare, actualmente, trebuiau sa-si dea tot concursul. Il dau, fara rezultat. Vlahii se incapataneaza sa graiasca o limba "streina" lor, insusita fara scolarizari.

  Altceva spun in aceasta privinta izvoarele istorice, cele bizantine, apoi cele sud-slave si mai incoace, pana mai deunazi, si cele otomane. Anume, ele spun ceea ce insusi Romanul acela trecator pe strada nu cunostea, dar stia profesorul sa spuna confidential elevilor sai: ca si pe dreapta Dunarii s'a mentinut o continuitate romaneasca de-a lungul vremurilor. Privind mai larg teritoriul din jur, cu marturiile lui toponimice mumeroase, de rezonanta romaneasca, vezi ca aci a fost baza demografica [romaneasca] a imperiului vlaho-bulgar al Asanestilor. De aci pare ca au roit grupuri romanesti in diferite parti ale Balcanilor. Au avut loc ravasiri de populatie, treceri si zaboviri de alte neamuri, pustiiri si amestecari. O baza ethnica romaneasca, uneori mai redusa, alte ori mai largita, a existat insa totdeauna. Peste ea au venit in diferite vremuri straturi mai noi romanesti. Numai in regiunea numita Cernareka existau in seccoleole 16 si 17, dupa cum atesta documentele otomane, 140 de sate populate de Vlahi-Romani [turceste Iflak ]. Alte 58 de astfel de sate erau pe Valea Timocului propriu zisa. Cele mai multe numiri ale lor s'au pastrat si azi. Numele oamenilor, in masura in care au fost notate, erau si ele romanesti.

  As se explica "miracolul romanesc" de totdeauna, prezent si aci. Anume, ca graiul romanesc atat de hartuit si amenintat n'a disparut, n'a fost adus prin "imprumut", lamurindu-se totodata de ce el persista in ciuda "misionarismului" slavizant amintit mai sus.

  Nu dispare, nu-i apus de soare!

  Acest stalp al ethniei -limba-, pusa in tarc, isi pastreaza in dreapta Dunarii toata vigoarea. Cu tot handicapajul aratat mai sus, îi veti auzi pe acesti Romani rostind o limba romaneasca frumoasa, expresiva. Inafara de ceva lixic pentru notiuni noi de tehnica si cultura imprumutate [trenul e in partea sarbeasca "voz", in cea bulgareasca e "vlak"; ziarul e "novina" respectiv "vesnik" etc.], fondul de baza al limbii romane e in intregime cel vechi romanesc. De aceea unora le suna drept limba "cronicareasca".

   Decum e vorba de cantec, fie unul vechi sau si nou faurit, limba e neaoase. In acest pivot care este folclorul, aliat cu inima si trairea romnaeasca, nu patrunde nici un imprumut, corp strein. Instinctul conservator functioneaza aci din plin, cum din pacate nu se poate spune si de alte domenii. Instinct, pentru ca Daco-Romanul sud-dunarean nu face, nu e in stare sa faca, din cauza carapacei instructiei streine, nici o legatura ce obarsia romana, latina a limbii sale. El stie nu de Roma, ci de Rîm [nici macar "Râm"], cum a invatat la scoala slava, iar aceasta forma de pronuntare lui nu-i sugereaza nimic; cum de pilda îi sugereaza din capul locului o alta denumire antica: Alba Longa. Nimeni n'a putut, cei mai multi cu dinadins n'au vrut, sa-i spuna lui ca "de la Ram ne tragem". Dimpotriva, i-au tot sugerat ca el nu este ceea ce este. Nici nu e atunci de mirare ca-l auzi zicand: sunt eu Rumân, vorbesc si rumâneste, mã sunt Sarb [respectiv Bulgar]!

  Evident de aci: Romanul sud-dunarean nu e in stare a face deosebire intre natiune si cetatenie. O intuitie sanatoasa si deosebire intre natiune si cetatenie. O intuitie sanatoasa se observa insa la el. Scolarizarea prelungita si intensificata de azi, in limba si cultura stirbitoare a fiintei lui, isi are si reversul: produce treptat revirimentul. La limba latina, la terminologie de jurisprudenta, medicina, botanica etc., in neologismele de obicei latine, el descopera elemente ale graiului sau "incult" de acasa, incepe "sa stie", fata de nestiinta batranului aceluia. Il auzi ca spune, privind un fim italian: eu parca inteleg destule ce spune ãsta aciia! Te poti vedea acostat de tineri sud-dunareni cu cuvintele: vorbeste ceva ca la voi la Bucuresti, sa auzim cum e! Imi puteti trimite un abecedar romanesc sau o carte de citire? Intorc antene spre televiziunea romana sa se desfete la vederea jocurilor, sa auda limba si cantecul. Cei stabiliti in Danemarca o aduc, ei, si pe una Maria Ciobanu sa le cante la Helsingor.

  O caracteristica dominanta a vietii spirituale, a culturii lor populare, este religia; iar in cadrul acesteia: cultul mortilor, stramosilor. Rar merg la biserica. Nu inteleg slujba in slavona, nici predica. Formalism, cu care, pare-se, nu prea se impaca. In schimb, vechea credinta ortodoxa, cu elemente si precrestine, poate traco-dace, ramane adanca in casa, in familie. Acolo ei sunt sacerdoti, sacerdote. Sfintii sunt cinstiti, dupa ei imediat mortii. Auzi ca le consacra "panea liturghie". Sufletele trecute "dincolo", sunt evocate, grijite, purificate prin ritualuri si datini. Sunt vestite pomenile "Vlasi"-lor la care ei pur si simplu nu sunt in stare sa renunte, in pofida tuturor indoctrinarilor. Ritualul focurilor joaca un mare rol in acest sistem de legaturi cu lumea "supramundana" [cum se exprima unii specialisti]. Prin interventia celor in viata, efectuata prin formule de consacrare, sufletul mortului se impartaseste din lumina, din bucuria primaverii, din frumusetea naturii, din jocul ritual la focul de priveghiu sau alta data la apus de soare. Hora mortului trebuie sa fie, obligatoriu, "rumâneascã".

  Atasamentul neabatut fata de traditii si datini al sud-dunarenilor este acela caracteristic intregului neam romanesc.

  Patrie? Da, patria e Serbia, resp. Bulgaria. Au  varsat sange pentru acestea; poate chiar mai mult decat "ãilalti". Au picat in situatii fratricide, ca apartenenta ai taberelor dumane; s'au luat unii pe altii "robi", resp. "pleniti", in numele altora care-si disputau suprematii. S'au descoperit unii pe altii prin grai sub uniforme diferite. Atunci, adesea au batut intre ei inimi mai calde. Au fost prezenti in miscari si razboaie de eliberare; nu insa si pentru a lor emancipare. In oastea rasculatilor sarbi [1813] tunarii cei mai buni au fost niste Romani craineni. In razboiul balcanic, apoi la asediul Adrianopolului [Edirne], tunari vestiti au fost doi frati, Romani timocenti. Nu s'a primit nimic, nici un drept ethnic, in schimbul acestor angajari de loialitate si jertfe date; decat numai subapreciere, dispret pentru "Vlah".

  Nu fu altfel nici in vremea noastra, dupa angajarea in razboiul de partizani, cu promisiuni nu numai de ordin social, ci si de cel national. Incercari plapande de afirmare a identitatii au fost admisa afisarea de lozinci in grai romanesc. In partea sarbeasca, dupa cate suntem informati, a fost infiintat ziar in grai romanesc si cu scris chirilic. Suflul acestor initiative a fost si el scurt. Tito, care stiuse sa temereze totusi incoace si'ncolo diverse nationalisme si sovinisme, in cazul Romanilor din Serbia [cum si in Macedonia] a chemat la pastrarea "unitatii" si dezideratul a capatat o talcuire departe de a fi democratica sau chiar socialista.

  Doar la muzee constati, la sectii de istorie contemporana, respecta memoria celor cazuti pentru libertate, identificandu-i printre acestia pe Romanii "sarbesti" dupa radacina numelui slavizat, dupa portul lor romanesc din fotografiile exponate, deasemeni dupa cate un fluier din ramasurile eroului, expus; fluier cu care unul dintre acesti romani a compus un cantec de lupta, acesta devenit apoi marsul general al "tineretului lui Tito".

  Cat s'a dat, ca sa nu se primeasca in schimb nimic! Si in prezent, aflam, de mijeste vreo intiativa in directia afirmarii identitatii ethnice, "sufletele mici" ale politistilor, cum zicea unul, se dovedesc a fi gata la veghe strasnica.

  "Stii cum suntem noi - zicea un Vlah, Sarbo-Vlah sau "neste-rumâneste", cum il poreclesc- noi suntem ca niste puisori de ãia in cuibar si cu ochii inca negri, nedeschisi 'si redicã si ei cãpsorul cãscând ciocul la hranã si la aer. Ama, nu sã dã!"

  Nu i se da pentru ca el, Romanul din dreapta Dunarii, asta... "inca n'o stie". Are constiinta ethnica, n'o are insa pe cea politica necesara, in stare sa-l duca pe cale proprie. Are un tata adoptiv aspru si e "strein de mama" [=orfan]. Mare e "politica" de indoctrinare cu invatatura streina fiintei, e greu apasatoare pentru aripioarele golasului din cuib. E timorat acest Roman ethnic. Observi la el o excesiva circumspectie, decum e vorba de vreun aspect mai "gingas" al chestiunii.

  "Da veni-va primavara", am auzit pe un bard timocean cantand o veche balada haiduceasca in care-si dadea socteala cum isi va face dreptate sub razele soarelui mai cald., Eu cand îi cant omului meu si dintru' odata racneste, atunci eu stiu ce "diseste" [respira] in el, destainuia lautarul.

  "Plin e codru de voinici, la tot fagul patru-cinci, nu trece nima pe-aici!", auzi pe altul cantand cu nostalgie.

  Veni-va si dreptatea politica de pe undeva. O ramura a neamului romanesc, aceasta din dreapta Dunarii, asteapta si ea privirea vremii oprita asupra sa. Pana atunci, inca suntem convinsi, nu va muri.

                                                        Sava  GÂRLEANU

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Masa rotunda la Zlot: Romanii din Timoc se organizeaza in vederea recensamantului
Luni, 28 Februarie 2011 Zlot,Timoc, Serbia/Romanian Global News    .
In cadrul „Zilelor Culturii Rumanesti de la Zlot", sămbătă 26 februarie, a avut loc masa rotundă care a reunit organizatii romanesti membre ale Forumului Romanilor din Serbia dar si altele si unde temele principale au fost pastrarea identitatii rumânilor din Serbia de Răsarit şi pregatirea recensamantului, transmite corespondentul Romanian Global News din Timoc.(citeste mai mult on line)

EVENIMENT LA ROMNII TIMOCENI IN 25 IANUARIE,2011: ISTORIA ROMÂNILOR DIN SUDUL DUNĂRII

Astăzi, la Negotin în Timocul romanesc din Serbia, are loc lansarea manualului de Istoria romanilor din sudul Dunarii de Valentin Balutoiu,profesor la Colegiul National Carol I din Craiova. Aceasta editie a aparut la Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 2010. Lansarea are loc la Centrul de presa din Negotin. Moderator Dan Lupescu, directorul Directiei pt Cultura si Patrimoniu National a judetului Dolj, director fondator al revistei europene LAMURA. Cartea va  mai fi prezentata de autor, profesorul Valentin Balutoiu, carora li se vor alatura, Dusan Parvulovici, presedintele Filialei Negotin a Comitetului Helsinki pt Drepturile Omului, preotul martir Boian Alexandrovici, de alti frati romani sud-dunareni si prieteni ai spiritului romanesc de pe malul drept al Dunarii. 

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ROC.svg

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolinci 

L'église orthodoxe roumaine de Nikolinci

Nikolinci (en serbe cyrillique : Николинци ; en roumain : Nicolinţ ; en hongrois : Temesmiklós) est une localité de Serbie située dans la province autonome de Voïvodine. Elle fait partie de la municipalité d'Alibunar dans le district du Banat méridional. En 2002, elle comptait 1 240 habitants1, dont une majorité de Roumains.
 
Nikolinci est officiellement classé parmi les villages de Serbie.

En 2010, la population de Nikolinci était estimée à 1 062 habitants^[2].

Répartition de la population (2002)[modifier]