Trajan Column, Rome, 295, 17b Dacian warriors talking and playing a game before the battle.

 Table of Contents, Cuprins:

Dacian Language 

Sanscrita, Geto-Daca, Romana 

Sorin Olteanu's Thraco-Daco-Moesian Languages Project (TDML) 

Dacian is part of the Satem division of Indo-European language family

List of Reconstructed Dacian Words 

Dacian Language and Proto-Baltic 

Blue=lands conquered by the Roman Empire.
Red = area populated by Free Dacians.
Language map based on the range of Dacian toponyms.

 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language

Dacian
Spoken in	Romania, Moldova, parts of Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, and Northern Bulgaria
Language extinction	probably by the sixth century AD
Language family	Indo-European Paleo-Balkan Dacian
Language codes
ISO 639-1	None
ISO 639-2	ine
ISO 639-3	xdc
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Indo-European topics
Indo-European languages (list)
Albanian · Armenian · Baltic Celtic · Germanic · Greek Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian) Italic · Slavic   extinct: Anatolian · Paleo-Balkans (Dacian, Phrygian, Thracian) · Tocharian
Indo-European peoples
Europe: Balts · Slavs · Albanians · Italics · Celts · Germanic peoples · Greeks · Paleo-Balkans (Illyrians · Thracians · Dacians) · Asia: Anatolians (Hittites, Luwians)  · Armenians  · Indo-Iranians (Iranians · Indo-Aryans)  · Tocharians
Proto-Indo-Europeans
Language · Society · Religion
Urheimat hypotheses
Kurgan hypothesis Anatolia · Armenia · India · PCT
Indo-European studies

The Dacian language was spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Dacia. It belongs to the Indo-European language family.

Dacian is often considered to be a dialect of the same language as Thracian or to be a separate language from Thracian but closely related to it. (See Daco-Thracian.)

Characteristics and sources

Many characteristics of the Dacian language are disputed or unknown. No Dacian inscriptions survive, save names using the Latin alphabet. What is known about the language derives from:

• Toponyms, hydronyms, and proper names (including the names of kings).

• The Dacian names of about fifty plants written in Greek and Roman sources (see List of Dacian plant names). Etymologies have been established for only a few of them^[1].

• Substratum words found in Romanian, the language that is spoken in most of the places where Dacians lived. These include about 400 words of uncertain origin (such as brânză 'cheese' and balaur 'dragon'). About 160 of these words have cognates in Albanian (related to Illyrian languages or to the hypothesized Thraco-Illyrian).

• The Roman poet Ovid claimed that he learned the Dacian language after being exiled to Tomis (today Constanţa) in Dacia. In his Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto he claimed to have composed poems in the language. If this is true, they have not been preserved.

Geographic distribution

Dacian used to be one of the major languages of South-Eastern Europe, spoken from what is now Eastern Hungary to the Black Sea shore^{[citation needed]}. Based on archaeological findings, the origins of the Dacian culture are believed to lie in Moldavia, being identified as an evolution of the Iron Age Basarabi culture.

Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European

Dacian was a satem language.

Classification

The Bulgarian Point of View

In the 1950s the Bulgarian linguist Vladimir Georgiev published a work^[2] in which he argued that the phonology of Dacian is close to that of Albanian, supporting the theory that Dacian was on the same language branch as the Albanian language, a language branch termed Daco-Moesian (or Daco-Mysian) — Moesian (or Mysian) being thought of as a transitional dialect between Dacian and Thracian.

There are cognates between Daco-Thracian and Albanian. These cognates may be evidence of a Daco-Thracian-Albanian language affinity.

The ancient Greek geographer Strabo claimed that the Getae spoke the same language as the Thracians.^[3] However, Georgiev argued that Dacian and Thracian are two different languages, with two different phonetic systems, supporting this view with the evidence of placenames, which end in -dava in Dacian and Moesian, as opposed to -para in Thracian placenames.^[2] (See List of Dacian cities and List of ancient Thracian cities.)

The fate of Dacian 

t is unclear exactly when the Dacian language became extinct, or even whether it has a living descendant. The initial Roman conquest of part of Dacia did not put an end to the language, as Free Dacian tribes such as the Carpi may have continued to speak Dacian in the area northeast of the Carpathians (in the areas of modern Moldova and Ukraine) as late as the 6th or 7th century AD.

• According to one hypothesis, a branch of Dacian continued as the Albanian language (Hasdeu, 1901).

• Another hypothesis considers Albanian to be a Daco-Moesian dialect that split off from Dacian before 300 BC and that Dacian itself became extinct.

The argument for this early split (before 300 BC) is the following: Inherited Albanian words (e.g. Alb motër 'sister' < Late IE ma:ter 'mother') show the transformation Late IE /a:/ > Alb /o/, but all the Latin loans in Albanian having an /a:/ show Latin a: > Alb a. This indicates that the transformation PAlb /a:/ > PAlb /o/ happened and ended before the Roman arrival in the Balkans.

On the other hand, Romanian substratum words shared with Albanian show a Romanian /a/ that corresponds to an Albanian /o/ when the source of both sounds is an original Common /a:/ (mazăre / modhull < *ma:dzula 'pea', raţă / rosë < *ra:tya: 'duck'), indicating that when these words had the same Common form in Pre-Romanian and Proto-Albanian the transformation PAlb /a:/ > PAlb /o/ had not yet begun.

The correlation between these two facts indicates that the split between the Pre-Roman Dacians (those Dacians who were later Romanized) and Proto-Albanian happened before the Roman arrival in the Balkans.

Substratum of Proto-Romanian

Main article: Eastern Romance substratum

The Dacian language may form the substratum of the Proto-Romanian language, which developed from the Vulgar Latin spoken in the Balkans north of the Jirecek line, which roughly divides Latin influence from Greek influence.

Whether Dacian in fact forms the substratum of Proto-Romanian is disputed (see Origin of the Romanians (The Hungarian point of view)), yet this theory does not rely on the Romanization having occurred in Dacia, as Dacian was also spoken in Moesia, and as far south as northern Dardania. About 300 words in Eastern Romance (Romanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian) may derive from Dacian, and many of these show a satem-reflex, as one would expect in Daco-Thracian words.

In Romanian culture

The Romanian philologist Nicolae Densuşianu argued in his book Dacia Preistorică (Prehistoric Dacia) that Latin and Dacian were the same language or mutually intelligible dialects. His work was disregarded by mainstream linguists as pseudoscience, but it was revived by the Nicolae Ceauşescu regime, which encouraged an ideology called Protochronism and stressed the important role of the Dacians in the creation of the modern Romanian people.

The first article to revive Densuşianu's theory was an unsigned article named "The Beginnings of the History of the Romanian People" published in Anale de istorie^[4], a journal published by the Romanian Communist Party's "Institute of History of the Party".^[5]

The article claims that the Thracian language was a pre-Romance or Latin language using a demonstration which Lucian Boia describes as "a lack of basic professionalism and a straightforward contempt for the truth". Arguments used in the article include the lack of interpreters between the Dacians and the Romans, as depicted on the bas-reliefs of Trajan's column.^[5] The bibliography includes, apart from Densuşianu, the work of a French academician Louis Armand (who is in fact an engineer), who allegedly showed that "the Thraco-Dacians spoke a pre-Romance language". Similar arguments are found in Iosif Constantin Drăgan's We, the Thracians (1976).^[5]

This generated a great interest on researching of history of Dacia and many (often non-rigorous) works were published, among them Ion Horaţiu Crişan's "Burebista and His Age" (1975), who concluded the need of writing a monograph on the subject of "Dacian philosophy".^[5] There were voices claiming the need of reconstructing the language and of the creation of a Dacian Language department at the University of Bucharest, but such proposals failed because of the lack of the object of study.^[5]

After the 1989 Romanian Revolution, this theory continued being supported by Drăgan and the New York City-based physician Napoleon Săvescu, who published a book named We are not Rome's Descendents.^[6] Together, they issue the magazine Noi, Dacii ("Us Dacians") and organize a yearly "International Congress of Dacology".^[7]

See also

• List of Dacian cities
• List of Dacian kings
• List of Dacian plant names
• List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin
• Sinaia lead plates

Notes

1.  Daicoviciu, p.27
2. Georgiev, Raporturi..."
3. Strabo, "Geographica" Book VII, Chapter 3, 10
4. Anale de istorie, 4th issue (1976)
5. Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, 2001, p.103-105. ISBN 9639116971.
6. Napoleon Săvescu, "Noi nu suntem urmaşii Romei"
7.  "Ca şi cînd precedentele reuniuni n-ar fi fost de ajuns, dacologii bat cîmpii in centrul Capitalei", in Evenimentul Zilei, 22 June 2002

References

• I. I. Russu, Limba traco-dacilor, Bucharest, Editura Ştiinţifică, 1967
• Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev), Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39-58
• Hadrian Daicoviciu, Dacii, Editura Enciclopedică Română, 1972
• Dimiter Detschew, Die thrakischen Sprachreste, Wien 1957.

External links

For a list of words relating to Dacian language, see the Dacian language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary

• Dacian-Thracian being Centum languages that developed Satem features
• Books written by linguist Sorin Paliga about thracian and proto-romanian influences in slavic languages
• Sorin Olteanu's Thraco-Daco-Moesian Languages Project (SoLTDM) (sources, thesaurus, textual criticism, phonetics and morphology, substratum, historical geography a.o.)
• Evidence for an Italic substratum of Romanian, by Keith Andrew Massey

v • d • e Romanian language (articles)   Dialects and varieties Romanian varieties • Moldovan • Vlach   Linguistics Grammar (nouns, verbs, numbers) • Alphabet (Ă, Â, Î, Ș, Ț) • Vocabulary (profanities) • Phonology • Exonyms   Historic evolution Dacian (words) → Romanization (Thraco-Roman) → Vulgar Latin (sound changes) → Proto-Romanian (substratum) → Eastern Romance (also Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian)   Institutions Romanian Academy (Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române) • Academy of Sciences of Moldova   Other Romanians (origin, Romanianization) • Name • Balkan sprachbund • Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language"

 List of Dacian plant names

 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dacian_plant_names

This is a list of plant names in Dacian, an ancient language of South Eastern Europe, from Dioscorides' De Materia Medica (abb. MM) and Pseudo-Apuleius' Herbarius (abb. Herb.). Dacian plant names are one of the primary sources left to us for studying the Dacian language. This list also includes a Bessian plant name and a Moesian plant name, neighboring Daco-Thracian tribes.

A separate list exists containing Romanian words of possible Dacian origin that form the Eastern Romance substratum.

Dacian	English	Botanical	Notes
Adila	Bistort [1] Arum [2]	Persicaria bistorta, also classified as Polygonum bistorta [3] Arum maculatum [4]	^ primary source for this meaning as yet unidentified ^ Herb., 14
Amalusta, Amolusta [5], Amulusta	Chamomile	Matricaria recutita or Anthemis tinctoria	^ Herb. 23; possibly related to Albanian ëmbël, ambël "sweet".[1] *lustu appears as a proto-Celtic word for "plant" [2].
Aniarsexe, Aniassexie	Sainfoin a.k.a. Cock's Head	Onobrychis caput galii
Aprus	Gladwin Iris	Iris foetidissima
Arpopria, Arborria	Climbing Ivy	Hedera helix
Asa	Coltsfoot	Tussilago farfara	also a Bessian plant name.
Aurumetti, Aurimetellum	Cranesbill a.k.a. Crow's Foot, Wild Geranium ?	Geranium sylvaticum or Ranunculus serdous?	MM 2.175, Herb. 67
Azila	Hound's Tongue	Cynoglossum	Probably a variant of Usazila (see below)
Bles, Blis	Purple Amaranth	Amaranthus blitum
Budalla, Budama, Budathala, Budathla	Anchusa	Anchusa italica
Caropithla, Karopithla	Yellow Serradella Common Polypody	Ornithopus compressus Polypodium vulgare
Cercer, Cerceraphron, Kerker, Kerkeraphron	Pimpernel	Anagallis
Chodela, Khodela	Ground Pine	Lycopodium (Lycopodium clavatum or Lycopodium annotitum / Lycopodium dubium?)
Cinouboila, Cinuboila, Kinouboila, Kinuboila	Wild Pumpkin White Bryony. White Grape	Cucurbita foetidissima Bryonia alba Vitis	a compound of kinu "dog" and oboila "apple", akin to Lithuanian šúnobuolas "wild pumpkin", Thracian dinupula, sinupyla "id", Albanian thënukël "dogberry"[3]
Coadama, Koadama	Pondweed	Potamogeton zosteraefolium
Coicolida, Koikolida	Nightshade	Atropa belladonna	the first element koiko means "one-eyed" or "blind", and is akin to Latin caecus "blind", Irish caoch "one-eyed", Goth haihs "one-eyed", Sanskrit kekara "squint-eyed"
Cotiata, Kotiata	Switchgrass	Panicum dactylum	also refers to genus Agropyron?
Courionnecum, Couriounnecum, Curiounnecum, Kourionnekoum	Arum	Arum
Coustane, Croustane, Crustane, Custane, Koustane, Kroustane, Krustane, Kustane	Greater celandine or Lesser celandine	Chelidonium majus or Ranunculus ficaria
Cycolis, Kykolis	PGroundcherry or Ashwagandha	Physalis sp. or Withania somnifera
Dacina, Dakina	Beet False Helleborine	Beta vulgaris Veratrum nigrum	the Moesian name for these plants was Mendruta (see below)
Dicotella	White Bryony	Bryonia alba
Dielina, Dielleina, Diellena	Henbane	Hyoscyamos niger
Diesapter	Mullein	Verbascum
Diessathel	Wavyleaf Mullein	Verbascum sinuatum	from IE *diwes-sētlo; where the second element meant "sieve" (cf. Old Norse sáld "sieve", Welsh hidl "strainer", Lithuanian sėkla "seed", Greek ēthein "to strain", Old Church Slavonic sito)[4]
Diesema	Mullein	Verbascum	from IE *diyes eusmn. "burning sky" (cf. Latin dies "day", Greek heúein "to burn", Albanian diell "sun") and similar to German Himmelbrand "mullein", literally "burning heavens" [5].
Diodela, Duodela, Duodella, Ziodela	Yarrow? Chamomile Sweet Marjoram	Achillea millefolium? Matricaria recutita Origanum majorana
Dracontos	Rosemary	Rosmarinus officinalis
Dokela	Bugle	Ajuga iva
Dyn	Nettle	Urtica
Ebustrone	Lesser celandine	Ranunculus ficaria	From Pseudo-Apuleis
Gonoleta, Gouoleta, Guoleta, Guolete	Gromwell	Lithospermum tenuiflorum	Consumed as an oral contraceptive
Hormea, Hormia	Annual Clary	Salvia horminum
Lax	Purslane	Portulaca oleracea	Used as a laxative
Manteia, Mantia	Wooly Blackberry	Rubus tomentosus
Mendruta	Beet False Helleborine	Beta vulgaris Veratrum nigrum	Actually, a Moesian plant name
Mizela, Mizila, Mozula, Mouzula	Thyme	Thymus
Nemenepsa	Ground Pine	Lycopodium
Olma	Danewort	Sambucus ebulus
Parithia, Parthia	Dog's Tooth Grass	Cynodon ?
Pegrina	White Bryony	Bryonia alba
Phithophthethela	Maidenhair fern	Adiantum
Polpum	Dill	Anethum graveolens
Priadela, Priadila	White Bryony or Black Bryony	Bryonia alba or Tamus communis
Probedula, Procedila [6], Propedila, Propedula, Propodila	Creeping Cinquefoil	Potentilla reptans	^ Procedila< Prokedila, probably a scribal error for *Probedila, a graphic confusion between β/κ being rather common in Greek manuscripts. Compare to the Gaulish name for this plant, Pempedula (five-leaved).
Prodiarna, Prodiorna	Black Hellebore	Helleborus niger
Rathibida	Italian Aster	Aster amellus
Riborasta	Burdock	Arctium
Salia	Anise Stinking Tutsan	Pimpinella tragium Hypericum hircunum
Seba	Elderberry	Sambucus
Skiare	Wild Teasel	Dipsacus sylvestris or Dipsacus fullonum sylvestris
Skinpoax, Sipoax, Spioax	Broadleaf Plantain	Plantago major
Sikupnoex, Sikupnux	Eryngo	Eryngium campestre
Stirsozila	Centaury	Centaurium erythraea, formerly classified as Erythraea centaurium	from Pseudo-Apuleis
Tanidila	Catmint	Nepeta
Teudila	Peppermint or Horsemint or Calamint?	Mentha x piperita or Mentha sylvestris or Calamintha?
Troutrastra, Trutrastra, Tutrastra	Pumpkin Colocynth	Cucurbita Citrullus colocynthis
Toulbela, Tulbela	Centaury	Centaurium erythraea, formerly classified as Erythraea centaurium
Usazila	Hound's Tongue	Cynoglossum	Probably a variant of Azila (see above)
Zena	Poison Hemlock	Conium maculatum
Zired	Redstem Wormwood	Artemisia scoparia
Zououster, Zuste, Zuuster	Wormwood	Artemisia arborescens or campestris

References

1. ^ Malcolm, Noel. Kosovo: A Short History. New York: New York University Press, 1998.
2. ^ Prifysgol Cymru University of Wales; Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies; English - proto-Celtic word list
3. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian. Brill, 2000.
4. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill, 1998.
5. ^ Katičic', Radislav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 149.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dacian_plant_names"

 

 http://www.uk.kunsimuna.net/Indo-European_languages_UK_539355_xf

  

List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin

This is a list of Romanian words believed to be of Dacian origin and thus representing the Eastern Romance substratum. In fact, it is not clear if they belonged to the Dacian language or the Thracian language (or both), as the relation between the two is uncertain, and that both Dacian and Thracian are very poorly attested. This list does not include the Dacian plant names, collected by Dioscorides and Pseudo-Apuleius.

The Sources column indicates the linguist(s) or the works who suggested including the words in the list:

• "Hasdeu": Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae.
• "Russu": Ion I. Russu, Limba traco-dacilor, published in 1967 at Editura Ştiinţifică. The words that have been identified by I. I. Russu to have cognates in Albanian are marked with (Alb.).
• "Vraciu": Ariton Vraciu, Limba daco-geţilor, published in 1980 at Editura Facla, Timişoara.
• "NODEX": Noul dicţionar explicativ al limbii române (The New Dictionary of the Romanian Language), Litera Internaţional Publishing House, 2002. In this dictionary substratum words are labeled cuvînt autohton (native word).
• "Olteanu": Sorin Olteanu, "The TDM Palatal".^[1]

The Notes column contains information found in various dictionaries. "Not in current use" indicates words not found in dictionaries of contemporary Romanian.

Word / Name	English	Sources	Notes
abeş	?	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Not in current use. Dacian: *abhesya.
Abrud	Abrud	Hasdeu	Place name in Romania.
abur	steam, vapour	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	Cf. Albanian avull (steam). Dacian: *abhula. PIE: *h2ep-h3n.-lo
acăţa	to hang, to catch	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *accaptiāre (to catch) Current Romanian form: agăţa.
adămană		Vraciu	Not in current use.
ademeni	to tempt, to lure	Hasdeu	Cf. Hungarian adomány (gift, grant).
adia	to breeze gently	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *adiliare. Current form: adia.
aghiuţă	devil	Hasdeu	Cf. Greek άγιοσ ágios (saint).
aidoma	alike, identical	Hasdeu	Alternative etymology: from Slavic vidomŭ (visible).
alac	Einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum)	Hasdeu	Cf. Hungarian alakor, which, however, has foreign origin, possibly Romanian. Alternative etymology: Latin alica (spelt) Other possible origins: Albanian akuë or Albanian lakër (greenery) of Greek origin.
ală	a monster that unleashes storms	Hasdeu	Alternative form: hală; alternative etymology: Bulgarian, Slavic (h)ala
aldea	?	Hasdeu
ameţi	to make/get dizzy	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *ammatteāre (to bludgeon) or *ammitĕre.
amurg	twilight, dusk	Russu	See murg below.
anina	to hang, to hook	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *annināre (to swing) or *allevinare.
aprig	fiery, hot-blooded	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin aprīcus (warm) or *apricus from aper (wild boar).
argea	loom (or particular boards of a loom)	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu
Argeş	Argeş	Hasdeu	Place name, river name.
arunca	to throw, to cast	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin eruncare (to weed out).
azugă	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use (see also Azuga, a town in the Prahova County)
baci	(chief) shepherd	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	Cf. Hungarian bácsi (uncle). Compare Bulgarian бачо (bacho/bacio).
baier, baieră	rope, belt; coin necklace; talisman; bail (handle)	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin baiulus (a porter).
baligă	dung, manure	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian bajgë (same meaning).
baltă	pool, puddle	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian baltë (mud, soil) and Serbian blato (mud).
bară	marsh	Hasdeu	Alternative etymology: Serbian bara (?)
Barbă-cot	"Cot"(lit: elbow) represented a unit for measuring length, equal to the length of the average fore-arm; "Barbă" = beard. "Barbă-cot" = dwarf-like fairy-tale character sporting a disproportionately long beard	Hasdeu
barză	stork (Ciconia ciconia)	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu, Olteanu	Cf. Albanian barth, feminine bardhë (white).
bască	beret	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.)
batal	wether (castrated ram)	Hasdeu	Alternative etymology: Turkish battal (useless) from Arabic batal (to mutilate), which also gave Spanish baldar (cripple). Also Cf. Albanian batal and Bulgarian батал (useless).
bălaur balaur	dragon, monster	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	Cf. Albanian bollë (snake) and Serbian blavor (slowworm).
băga	to insert, to thrust	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *bīgāre, from bis (twice) + *iuga.
băiat	boy	Russu
bălan	blond (person), white-haired (animal)	Hasdeu	Alternative etymology: Slavic bĕlŭ (white)
beregată	throat, larynx	Russu	Cf. Serbian berikat (?). Alternative etymology: Latin *verucata, from *veruca.
bîrsă	a piece of wood or iron that binds together the coulter, the share and mouldboard of a plough (the plough beam?)	NODEX[2]	Cf. Albanian vërz (plane (tool)?), Slovenian brdce (piece of wood holding a trawl), and Moravian brdce (piece of wood across the main shaft of a carriage).
boare	breeze	Russu	Albanian: borë (snow); Alternative etymology: Latin boreas (the north wind).
bordei	(buried or half-buried) hut	Hasdeu, Russu
bortă	hole, hollow, archway	Hasdeu	Cf. Ukrainian bort.
brad (archaic form *bradzŭ)	fir (any tree of genus Abies)	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	Cf. Albanian bradh or bredh (same meaning).
brînduşă	crocus, primula (Crocus heuffelianus and other similar flowers)	Russu	Cf. Bulgarian brenduška and Serbian brnduša.
brînză	cheese	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu	spawned German de:Brinsenkäse, Slavic ru:брынза[3], bryndza in Slovak and Polish[citation needed]
brîu	belt, waist	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian bres or brezi
brusture	bur (large-leafed plant, Lappa)	Russu (Alb.)
bucura (verb) bucuros (adj.)	(to be) glad, to enjoy	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian zbukuroj (beautify) bukurosh (handsome).
buiestru	pace (a horse gait)	Russu
bunget	thick and dark forest	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	Cf. Albanian bunk.
burghiu	drilling bit	Hasdeu	Alternative etymology: Turkish burgu (gimlet, corkscrew), Serbo-Croatian burgija
burlan	spout, water pipe	Russu	Cf. Turkish burgu (pipe, trumpet).
burtă	belly, stomach	Russu	Cf. Albanian barku (same meaning).
burtucă	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use.
burtuş	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use.
butuc	log, stump	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *bottum (blunt and snout), Cuman butak (branch), or Turkish buduk (short-legged). Cf. Hungarian butuk.
butură	log, stump	Russu	Probably a similar etymology with butuc.
buză	lip	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian buzë (same meaning). Similar in Bulgarian but the meaning is shfited into cheek.
caier	tuft of wool, etc. to be spun	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *caiulus.
caţă	long stick ending with a hook, used by shepherds	Russu	See acăţa above. Cf. Albanian cita (weaving sticks)
căciulă	brimless hat	Russu (Alb.)	Albanian kësul'ë(same meaning). Similar in Bulgarian, meaning hood.
căpuşă	tick	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian këpushë.
căpută	upper side of a foot; footwear covering it	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian këputsë; Alternative etymology: Slavic kopyto > Romanian copită (hoof), Slavic kopytĭce, Hungarian kapta (last)
cătun	hamlet	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian katund (village), Serbian katun (summer pasture).
cioară	crow	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Cf. Albanian sorrë (same meaning).
cioban	shepherd	Hasdeu	Cf. Turkish çoban (same meaning).
cioc	beak	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Cf. Albanian çok (hammer, knuckle). Compare with the Bulgarian word човка (chovka/ciovca) with the same meaning (bill, beak).
ciocîrlie	skylark	Hasdeu	Derived from cioc, see above.
ciomag	club, cudgel	Hasdeu	Cf. Turkish çomak (same meaning), Cf. Albanian çomage (big hammer)
cîrlan	sheep or goat weanling; colt, foal	Russu
cîrlig	hook	Russu	Cf. Bulgarian кърлик kărlik (?).
codru	wide old forest	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Alternative etymology: Latin *quodrum (from quadrum (a square), Cf. Albanian koder (hill)
copac	tree	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian kopaçe (big piece of wood).
copil	child	Russu	Cf. Albanian kopil (bastard), Serbian and Bulgarian kopile (bastard).
creţ	curly; curly haired	Russu
cruţa	to pardon, to spare	Russu (Alb.)
cujbă	Y-shaped piece of wood used to hold the kettle over the fire	Hasdeu
culbec	snail	Hasdeu	Variant: cubelc.
curma	to tighten (a rope); to cut, stop	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian kurmue.
curpăn	vine, twining stem	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian kurpen (?).
cursă	trap, snare	Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	Cf. Albanian kurth (same meaning).
custură	blade, knife edge, knife	Russu	Possible etymology: Romanian cuţit (knife) + the suffix tură
darari	?	Russu	Not in current use.
daş	ram	Russu (Alb.)	Albanian: dash (same meaning).
dărîma	to demolish, to knock down	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian: dermoj (to hurt someone) Alternative etymology: Latin *deramare.
deh	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use.
deretica	to tidy up	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *deradicare (to root out).
descăţa	to unhook	Russu	des-căţa
descurca	to disentangle	Russu	Antonym of încurca, see below.
desghina	to divide, to separate	Russu	current: dezbina
dezbăra	to break from a bad habit, to rid	Russu
dezgauc	?	Hasdeu
doină	Romanian lyrical folk song	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Cf. Latvian and Lithuanian daina (song, traditional form of Baltic music and poetry).
don	?	Hasdeu
dop	cork, plug	Russu	Cf. Saxon dop.
droaie	crowd, large number (of people or animals)	Russu	Cf. Albanian droe or droje (shyness from the crowd[clarification needed]).
dulău	mastiff	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Alternative etymology: Polish dolow or dolaw.
fărîmă	crumb, fragment	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian thërrime (same meaning).
gard	fence	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian gardh (same meaning) and old Slavic gradŭ.
gata	ready, done	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian gati (same meaning).
gălbează	fascioliasis	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian gëlbazë, këlbazë (phlegm).
genune	abyss	Hasdeu, Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *gyro.
gheară	claw, talon	Russu	Alternative etymology: 1. Latin *ungularis (claw, talon) → *înghiare → în ghiare (in [its] claws); 2. Romanian unghioară (small fingernail) → înghiară. Cf. Albanian dorë (arm, clutches, fist, flipper, hand, handful, mitt, palm, quality), darë (nippers, pincers, pinchers), çjerr (clapperclaw, lacerate, scratch, tear up), grric or gervish (scratch)
ghes	a poke, a goad	Russu
ghimpe	thorn	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian gjëmp, gjemb (same meaning).
ghiob	cheese barrel	Hasdeu	Cf. Hungarian döböny (?).
ghionoaie	woodpecker	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian gjon (night bird).
ghiont	a nudge, a poke	Russu
ghiuj	old, decrepit man	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Cf. Albanian gjysh (grandfather).
gîde	executioner	Hasdeu
gîdel	?	Hasdeu
gordin	Romanian kind of grapes used in winemaking	Hasdeu
gorun	Sessile oak (Quercus petraea)	Russu	Alternative etymology: Bulgarian горун gorun (same meaning).
grapă	harrow	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian grep, gërepë (fishing rod, [its] hook).
gresie	sandstone, whetstone	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian gëresë (?).
groapă	hole, pit	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian gropë (same meaning).
grui	hilltop, hillock	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *grunnium
grumaz	neck	Russu (Alb.), NODEX	Cf. Albanian gurmaz or gërmaz (throat).
grunz	a lump of stiff but brittle substance, such as a block of salt	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian grundë (?).
gudura	to fawn	Russu	Cf. Albanian gudulis (to tickle); cf. Romanian gâdila (to tickle), cf. Bulgarian гъделичкам (gădelichkam), гъдел ме е (gădel me e) (to tickle)[4]
guşă	a bird's crop; double chin, goiter	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian gushë (same meaning, plus Adam's apple), Serbian guša (throat), Bulgarian. Alternative etymology: Latin *geusiae.
hojma	repeatedly, continuously	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Alternative etymology: Ukrainian hožma.
iazmă	ugly and evil apparition, ghost	Hasdeu
iele	mythological characters (white-clad beautiful girls, bewitching men with their song and dance)	Hasdeu	Cf. Serbian vile (nymphs), Slavic mythology. Alternative etymology: from Romanian ele (feminine form of they).
încurca	to entangle, to mix up	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *incolicare (from colus = distaff).
înghina	to assemble, to put together	Russu	Cf. Romanian îmbina.
îngurzi	to wrinkle the edge of a fabric or the sole of a shoe with a thread	Russu
înseila	to stitch, to sew temporarily	Russu	Currently preferred form: însăila; alternative etymology: Turkish say (saw or a delicate kind of serge, or woolen cloth)[5]. Cf. Serbian šiti (to sew)
întrema	to recover after illness or fatigue	Russu
jilţ, jielţ	tall-backed (arm)chair	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Etymology given for current form jeţ: German Sitz.
leagăn	cradle, swing	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *liginare from ligare (to tie/bind).
lepăda	to drop; to take off (clothes)	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin lapidare (to throw stones). Cf. Serbian pada, opada (to drop, to fall).
lespede	stone slab	Russu
leşina	to faint	Russu	From Serbian lešina (carcass)
mal	shore	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	Cf. Albanian mal (mountain).
maldac	a small load (of wood, hay, etc.)	Hasdeu	Alternative etymology: Greek mandakis.
mazăre	pea (Pisum sativum)	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu, Olteanu	Cf. Albanian modhë and modhullë.
măceş	sweetbrier (Rosa eglanteria)	Russu
mădări	to pamper, to spoil (a child)	Russu
măgură	hill, knoll	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian magulë (same meaning).
mălai	millet flour	Hasdeu	After millet was largely replaced by corn, the word changed its meaning into corn flour.
mămăligă	cornmeal mush (mămăligă)	Hasdeu	Albanian mëmeligë (same meaning)
mărcat	?	Russu	Not in current use.
mătură	broom	Russu (Alb.)	Serbian metla (broom)
Mehadia	Mehadia	Hasdeu
melc	snail	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu
mieru	bluish	Russu
mire	bridegroom	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu	Cf. Albanian mirë (good).
mistreţ	wild boar	Russu	Albanian: mistrec (captious kid)[citation needed]. Alternative etymology: Latin *mixticius.
mişca	to move, to stir	Russu
mînz	foal, colt	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian mëz (same meaning). It is agreed that the Thracian inscription ΜΕΖΗΝΑΙ (mezēnai, in Greek alphabet) on the Duvanli gold ring means horseman. The PIE root *mend(i)- is thought to mean horse.
morman	pile, heap	Russu
mosoc	large shepherd dog	Hasdeu
moş	old man	Russu (Alb.)	Probably a backformation from moaşă (midwife); cf. Albanian moshë (age).
moţ	tuft, crest	Hasdeu
mugure	bud	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian mugull (gemma).
munună	hilltop	Russu
murg	dark brown (animal, horse)	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian murg (monk?).
muşat	handsome	Russu
năpîrcă	limbless lizard (Anguis fragilis); viper	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian nepërkë, nëpërkë (viper).
năsărîmbă	prank, mischief	Hasdeu
niţel	a little	Russu
noian	multitude, heap	Russu
ortoman	rich (of a shepherd); handsome (of an outlaw); quick (of a horse)	Hasdeu
păstaie	pod, capsule, hull	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian pistaë, bishtajë (beans).
păstra	to keep	Russu	Alternative etymology: Bulgarian pastrja (?).
pînză	cloth, linen, fabric	Russu
pîrîu	brook, creek	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian përrua (creek, stream); also might be related to Romanian rîu (river, stream) from Latin rivus (stream).
prunc	small child	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin *puerunculus (small child).
pururea	always, ever	Russu (Alb.)	Alternative etymology: Latin purus (pure, also absolute).
raţă	duck	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Cf. Albanian rosë (same meaning) and Serbian raca (?).
ravac	any of several kinds of wine or must	Hasdeu	Alternative etymology: Turkish ravak (?).
răbda	to bide, bear, endure	Russu
reazem	support, backing, prop	Russu
ridica	to raise, lift	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin eradicare (to uproot).
rîmfă	?	Hasdeu	Not in current use.
rînză	gizzard; any of several stomach diseases	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu	Cf. Albanian rrëndës (rennet).
sarbăd (today searbăd)	insipid	Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	Cf. Albanian tharbët (?). Alternative etymology: Latin exalbidus (white).
Sarmisegetuza	Sarmizegetusa	Hasdeu
scăpăra	to strike a flintstone (to start a fire)	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian sqepar (small axe for cutting meat)
scrum	ashes	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian shkrum, shkrumb (same meaning)[citation needed].
scula	to get up, to wake	Russu (Alb.)	Albanian shkul (uproot) Alternative etymology: *excubulare (to get up, wake).
scurma	to scrape or dig (with snout, claws, beak, tools)	Russu	Alternative etymology: *excorrimare (?).
sîmbure	pit (fruit kernel)	Russu (Alb.), NODEX, Olteanu	Cf. Albanian sumbull or thumbull (?).
sîmvea	(?)	Hasdeu
spînz	hellebore	Russu (Alb.)	Alternative etymology: Slavic spreji (?).
stăpîn	master, owner	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Alternative etymology: Slavic stopanŭ (same meaning).
strănut	sneeze	Russu	Alternative etymology: Latin sternutare (to sneeze).
stejar	oak	Hasdeu, Vraciu	Alternative etymology: Bulgarian стежер (stejer) (?).
steregie	icicle-shaped soot concretion in chimneys	Russu
sterp	sterile, infertile	Russu (Alb.)	Albanian: shterp (same meaning).
stînă	sheep fold	Hasdeu, Vraciu, NODEX
străghiată	storm	Russu	Cf. Albanian shtrëngatë (same meaning).
strepede	larva living in foodstuff (Piophila casei)	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian shtrep (?).
strugure	grape	Russu, NODEX
strungă	place for milking sheep; narrow passage, canyon	Russu (Alb.), NODEX	Cf. Albanian shtrungë (?).
sugruma	to strangle, to burke	Russu	From sub (under) and grumaz (throat, see above).
suguşa	to strangle, to burke	Russu	From sub (under) and guşă (goiter, see above).
şale	hips	Russu (Alb.)	Cf Albanian shale (thigh), Alternative etymology: Latin sella (seat).
şiră	spine	Hasdeu, Russu
şopîrlă	lizard	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb.), Vraciu
şoric	pig skin	Russu
şut	hornless	Russu (Alb.)	Albanian: shyt (same meaning)
tare	hard	Russu
traistă	bag	Hasdeu	Albanian trastë, trajstë (same meaning), cf. Romanian synonym straiţă and Albanian strajcë
tulei	(young) whiskers	Hasdeu
ţap	he-goat	Russu (Alb.)	Albanian: cjap (ibex, billy-goat)
ţarc	pen, fold (fenced enclosure for animals)	Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	Cf. Albanian cark or thark (?).
ţarină	country	Russu
ţăruş	pole, pale, picket	Russu
ţîmburuş (today ţumburuş)	a small, usually round, protrusion on a surface, nub	Olteanu	Cf. Albanian thumbullë (?) and cf. Romanian sâmbure.
ţundră	.	Hasdeu
ţurcă	traditional Romanian game	Hasdeu
(a se/ a) uita	respectively: to look, to forget	Russu	Altern. etym. Latin *oblitare (to forget).
undrea	sewing needle	Russu	current form: andrea
urca	climb	Russu
urcior	eyesore	Russu	Altern. etym. hordeolus (eyesore).
urdă	cottage cheese	Hasdeu, Russu, Vraciu
urdina	.	Russu	Altern. etym. Latin ordinare (to set in order).
urdoare	Gelatinous ocular secretion	Russu	Altern. etym. Latin *horridor (rough, horrible).
vatră	hearth, home, fireplace	Hasdeu, Russu (Alb).	Albanian vatre (fireplace) (Vraciu), Serbian vatra (fire)
vătăma	to hurt, to injure	Russu	Altern. etym. Latin victimare (to sacrifice).
vătui	one year old kid (goat & doe); hare	Russu (Alb.)	Latin vitellus (a little calf).
viezure (archaic form viedzure)	badger	Russu (Alb.), Olteanu	Cf. Albanian vjedhullë (the thief, from the verb vjeth, to steal).
viscol	blizzard	Russu
zară	buttermilk	Russu	Albanian dhallë (same meaning), cf. Romanian zăr, zer below
zăr (today zer)	whey	Russu, Olteanu	Cf. Albanian dhallë (sour milk, diluted yogurt).
zburda	jump around, prance, frolic	Russu
zestre	wedding gift, or wealth	Russu.	Similar to the Bulgarian word зестра (zestra).
zgardă	collar	Russu (Alb.)	Cf. Albanian shkardhë
zgîria	scratch	Russu (Alb.?)	Altern. etym. Latin *scaberare < scaber (itchy)
zgîrma	scratch (searching for something)	Russu	cf. Romanian scurma above
zîmbru, zâmbru	a coniferous tree, Pinus cembra	Hasdeu, Vraciu	(zimbru is a different word, meaning bufalo, i.e., Bison bonasus)
zîrnă, zârnă	black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)	Hasdeu	Altern. etym. Old Slavic zrŭno

References

• (Romanian) Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae, 1887-1895
• (Romanian) Ion. I. Russu, Limba traco-dacilor, Editura Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti, 1967
• (Romanian) Ion. I. Russu, Elemente autohtone în limba română, Editura Academiei RSR, Bucureşti, 1970
• (Romanian) Ion. I. Russu, Etnogeneza românilor, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti, 1981
• (Romanian) Ariton Vraciu, Limba daco-geţilor, Editura Facla, Timişoara, 1980
• (Romanian) Alexandru Ciorănescu, Dicţionarul etimologic român, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, 1958-1966 (in part available online at DEX online)
• (Romanian) George Pruteanu, "Limba traco-dacilor", transcript of a TV show broadcast March 25 and 26, 1996, on PRO TV; the transcript is followed by a "List of words considered by specialists as most probably belonging to the Dacian language".
• (Romanian) DEX online: a collection of Romanian dictionaries
• Albanian <-> English Dictionary

 Notes

1. ^ (English) (Romanian) Sorin Olteanu, "The TDM Palatal"
2. ^ Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române, Entry for bîrsă
3. ^ Şăineanu, Lazăr (1896) Dicţionar universal al limbii române
4. ^ http://www.diri.bg/search.php?word=tickle^{[not in citation given]}
5. ^ Seslisozluk.com (online Turkish-English dictionary), Entry for say

 See also

• List of Dacian plant names

[hide] v • d • e Romanian language (articles)   Dialects and varieties Romanian varieties • Vlach   Linguistics Grammar (nouns, verbs, numbers) • Alphabet (Ă, Â, Î, Ș, Ț) • Vocabulary (profanities) • Phonology • Exonyms   Historic evolution Dacian (words) → Romanization (Thraco-Roman) → Vulgar Latin (sound changes) → Proto-Romanian (substratum) → Eastern Romance (also Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, Istro-Romanian)   Institutions Romanian Academy (Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române) • Academy of Sciences of Moldova   Other Romanians (origin, Romanianization) • Name • Balkan sprachbund • Romanian Cyrillic alphabet • Moldovan

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romanian_words_of_possible_Dacian_origin"

Categories: History of the Romanian language | Dacian language | Roman Dacia

Languages

• Română
• Shqip

• This page was last modified on 16 February 2010 at 15:06.

http://www.ariminia.ro/geto-dacii/dacii.html 

This site has good documentary information, but we can not agree or condone the bad language and invectives spread all over the text.

Un mic studiu comparativ între limbile sanscrită -la stînga semnului egal, limba română - la dreapta semnului egal – iar între paranteze sînt puse explicaţiile privind originea cuvintelor după DEX. ap, apa = apă(lat. aqua), apasabda = apăsat(lat. appensare), akasa*: cer = acasă: loc de baştină, patrie. Arienii ca şi geţii se considerau neam scoborîtor din cer(lat. casa), acaşa = acasă(a + lat. casa), acu = acu(eccum modo), adesa = adesa(a + lat. densus), anuma = anume(a + lat nume), ariyanam*: arienii = Aryanam: Ţara Zeilor la avestici, ţinut din nordul Iranului,  aşa = aşa(lat. eccum), balimuca = balamuc(din nume propriu Mamaluc), balaha = baltă(sl. blato),  banda = bandă(fr. bande), banica = baniţă(bg. banica), basma = basm(sl. basni), ban = bănie(maghiar sau sîrbo-croat ban), balacsa = bălaie(sl. bălu), bho*: formă de adresare unor indivizi inferiori sau egali = bă: tu(et. necunoscută), bhoga*: bogăţie = bogat: cu avere(sl. bogatu), bhikku*: călugăr cerşetor = bicu: tată(lipseşte din DEX), bhuh*: a devenit pământ, a murit = buh(et. necunoscută), bhuhav*: a devenit aer = puhav(sanscrit bhuhav), Bihar*: regiune în nordul Indiei unde s-au stabilit neamurile aryas = Bihar: regiune administrativă în vestul României, estul Ungariei şi munţi în Apuseni.kala*: negru = kala: pivniţă pentru cereale, groapă în emegi(fr. cale), camaşa = camaşa(lat. camisia), camera = cameră(fr. camera), cana = cana(bg. cana. Dar bulgarii au venit aici în secolul Vll, deci românii pînă să-i înveţe aceşti migratori, beau apa ca dobitoacele direct din baltă sau izvor), capala = cap(lat. caput; pînă să vină romanii eram fără cap aşa cum sînt lingviştii care au scris aceste neghiobii), carsu = car(lat. carrus), csha = casa(lat. casa), cşu = caş(lat. caseus), cazna = caznă(sl. kazni), carca = cîrcă(sîrbo-croatul krke), cita = ceată(sl. ceta), ciata = ceaţă(lat. caecia), cag = chiag(lat clagum), cîmitra = cimitir(neogreacă kimitirion), carvara = curvar(sl. kuruvari), cit*: a gîndi = citi(lat. citare), Krişna*: divinitate vedică foarte veche = crisma/crijma: învelitoarea de la botez a noului născut cu simboluri religioase pe ea(ukr. krijmo). ksatriya*: aristocraţia militară a neamurilor aryas din rîndul cărora a provenit atît Buddha cît şi contemporanul său Mahavira = şatra: clan la geţi(bg. şatra),dadaca = dădăci(neogreacă dada), darîmi = dărîma(lat. deramare) duciaba = degeaba(tr. caba; rău ne-aţi pocit limba criminalilor), danda*: pedeapsă pentru o faptă rea dată cu bastonul = dandana: necaz, bucluc, tărăboi(tc. tantana), denta = dinte(lat dens), dwar = dor(lat. populară dolus. Am zis eu că atunci cînd nu au cum s-o mai scoată pe mînecă o trag pe această făcătură neauzită şi neştiută de nimeni), dru = drum(sl. drumu), dabba = dubă: temniţă; daba la geţi era cetatea unde se ţineau judecăţile(et. necunoscută), druh = duh(sl. duhu), duvas = duios(lat. doliosus), dukha*: durere = ducă: plecare, moarte(lat. ducere), dulman = duşman(tr. düşman), dur = dur(lat. durus), dura = dura(lat. dolare), fala = fală(sl.  hvala), vrate = frate(lat. frater), gaura = gaură(lat. avula), gatejas = găteje(sl. gati), ganaca = genunchi (lat. genuclum), gingina = gingie(lat gingiva), gora = gură(lat. gula), gutto*: lege sau doctrină religioasă = gotă: zi de post(nu este în DEX),haia = hai: cuvînt cu care se îndeamnă caii la drum(et. necunoscută), han = han(tr.  han), hotu = hotar(maghiarul hotar), cirana = hrana(sl. hrana), ecata = iacătă(et. necunoscută), jadu = iad(sl. iadu), Yama*: zeul morţii = iama: a distruge(tc, yama), yuga: vîrstă = Iuga(nu este în DEX), iş = ieşi(lat. exire), ianma = inima(lat. anima), iub = iub(sl. liubiti), aderat = îndărăt(lat. inderetro), angiras = înger(lat. angelus), antarita = întări(et necunoscută), invati = învăţa(lat. invitiare), jwala = jale(sl. jali), jagdi = jigodie(maghiarul zsigora), yuga = jug(lat. jugum), jurya = jura(lat. jurare), lab = labă(maghiarul lab), laţua = laţe(et. necunoscută), lamba = limba(lat. lingua), lip*: mizerie, a unge, a mînji = lip: jeg, mizerie(ukr. lep), loca = loc(lat. locus), lup = lup(lat. lupus), lupta = lupta(lat. luctare), mahal*: mare = mahal: mare şi greu(lipseşte din DEX), man*: a gîndi = mana: rod, frupt, belşug(sl. mana), mata*: mamă = mata: formulă de politeţe(et. necunoscută), mardala = mardeală(ţigănescul mardo), mazara = mazăre(albanezul modhullë), meduva = măduvă(lat. medulla), magarc = măgar(bg. magare), mreţ = măreţ(lat. mas), mandra = mîndru(sl. mondru), mauna*: legămîntul tăcerii = mau: glas, vigoare, a lua maul – a reduce la tăcere(et. necunoscută), min*: a străluci = meni: a vrăji(sl. meniti), mîndza = mînz(albanezul mës), mladihta = mlădiţă(sl. mladu), mosur = mosor(tr. masura), muherea = muiere(lat. mulier), musti = must(lat. mustum), mustaca = mustaţă(lat. mustacea care înseamnă prăjitură), mutu = mut(lat. mutus), murta = mutra(neogreacă mutra), naiba = naiba(et. necunoscută), nas = nas(lat. nasus), namata = nămete(bg. namet), narabu = nărav(bg. nărav), natha*: stăpîna = nata: femeie adultă(lat. natus), niroda = nărod(bg. neroda), napat = nepot(lat. nepos), navasti = nevastă(sl nevesta), nacta = nagta,noapte(lat. noctis), nîra = nor(lat. nubilum), nama = nama,nume(lat. nomen), avi = oaie(lat. ovis), obositi = obosi(bg. oboseia), abadda = obadă(sl. obedu), acara = ocară(sl. ocariati), oka*: loc de şedere = oca: unitate de măsură din vechime(tc. okka), onam*: a curba, a îndrepta = onanii: om urît, pocitanie, arătare(et. necunoscută), odaia = odaie(bg. odaia), odor = odor(sanscritul odor), om = om(lat. homo), omlet = omletă(fr. omelette), opariti = opări(bg. oparia), upanaha = opinca(bg. opinka, adică ce purtau geţii de pe columna lui Traian nu erau opinci?), ortac = ortac(sanscrita ortac), ostaviti = ostoi(sl. ustoiati), aştravi = otrăvi(sl. otraviti), pakati*: fapte necugetate, fapte sau gînduri rele = pacatui: a face păcate, a greşi(lat. peccatum), pala = pală,paloş(tr. pala), pandur = pandur(maghiarul pandur), paperuda = paparudă(bg. peperuda), para = par(lat. palus), paradina = paragina, paradit(et. necunoscută), partac = partic,parte(lat. pars), pacata = păcat(lat. peccatum), pacala = păcală(et. necunoscută), palita = pălit(sl. paliti), paţîmi = păţi(lat. pateo), piya*: persoană îndrăgită = pio: iubitor de Dumnezeu(nu este în DEX), pîca = pace(lat. pacis), pingala*: în budism este unul dintre canalele energetice situat pe coloana vertebrală = pingală: imagine, pictură, a se găti(cuvîntul nu există în DEX). pita*: tată = pita: pîine, mijloace de existenţă, pitar – brutar(bg. pita), piti*: refugiu, adăpost = piti: a ascunde, a dosi(sl. pitiku), ipangea = pingea(tr. penşe), pisa = pisa(lat. pinsare), pluta = plută(bg. pluta), pama = poamă(lat. poma), pad = pod(sl. podu), povamîna = pomană(sl. pomenu), pradaţi = prăda(lat. praedare), pras = praz(bg. praz), Prajapati*: focul casei sau focul părinţilor ori a strămoşilor = praji(sl. prajiti) + pati(lat. pati), parihana: cădere, nenorocire, degenerare = prihană: necinste, păcat(ukr. pryhana), prapîde = prăpădi(bg.propadam), prasara = presăra(et. necunoscută), priatama = prieten(sl. priiateli), prîns = prînz(lat. prandium), Radha*: păstoriţă din Veda = Rada(et. necunoscută), rasa*: dans asemănător cu hora, închinat lui Krişna = rasa: de soi, bun(fr. race), rai = rai(sl. rai), ram = ram(lat. ramus), ravana = ravăn(sl. ravinu), racita = răci(lat. recens), rabos = răboj(bg. raboş), ră = ră(lat. reus), risipati = risipi(bg. rasipia), rabi = robi(sl. robu), rud = rudă(bg. roda), rage = ragea,rugă(tr. rica), ramana = rumîn(lat. romanus), rupa = rupe(lat. rumpere), sac = sac(lat. saccus), salbî = salba(lat. subalba), sara = sare(lat. salis), saddha*: credinţă, virtute = sadea: curat, pur(tc. sade), sadhu*: om sfînt = sade: butaşi de viţă-de-vie, răsad(sl. sadu), sagga*: plin de bucurie = şagă: glumă(bg. şega), samma*: observaţia sau judecata corectă = samă: recenzare pentru impunere (maghiarul szam), samana*: ascet care a învins dorinţele prin practici austere = samana: a pune sămînţa în ogor(lat. seminare), soma*: băutura care aduce nemurirea = samă: judecată, moarte(maghiarul szam) swah*: a devenit cer = suav(fr. suave), sâman*: denumirea jertfei adusă zeilor sau făcută pentru sine = samăn: asemănător(lipseşte din DEX), Santo*: om bun sau de valoare, vine din verbul a fi şi desemnează pe omul care este cu adevărat Buddha şi arhant. Strălucirea lor divină vine din aura pe care o au în jurul capului = Sento/Sinto: Creatorul sau Dumenzeu în religia geţilor(lat. sanctus), sarmani*: călugări care trăiesc cu foarte puţin = sarmani: lipsiţi de surse de existenţă, necăjiţi(bg. siromah), Soma*: zeul lunii unde se duc sufletele morţilor = somna: a dormi(nu este în DEX), sara*: miezul sau esenţa lucrurilor = sara: perioadă de zi, în antichitate ziua începea dimineaţa(lat. sera), sthavira*: ferm, stabil = stavăr: statornicie, fermitate (nu este în DEX), sukha*: fericire = sucă: poftă, ambiţie(nu este în DEX),  samana = semăna(lat. similare), saptanahan = saptamîna(lat. septimana), sar = sări(lat. salire), sacîtura = secătură(lat. siccare), sacura = secure(lat. securis), asfant = sfînt(lat. sanctus), smarana = smerenie(sl. sumeriienie), swar,sura = sor,soare(lat. sol), swîrta = soartă(lat. sors), spuz = spumă,spuză(lat. spudia), stîna = stîna(et. necunoscut[), stapana = stăpîn(et. necunoscută), strig = striga(lat. strigare), struguhuri = struguri(et. necunoscută), stupa = stup(lat.  stypus), sulica = suliţă(sl. sulica), sumanas = suman,sucman(bg. sucmanu), supa = supa(fr. souper), surata = surată(lat. soror), surpa = surpa(lat. subrupare), sant = sunt(lat. sunt), sag = şag(bg. şega), sîeua = şeaua(lat. sella), sir = şir(et. necunoscută), şira = şiră(lat. sira), şabda = şoaptă(bg. septia), suamunita = şoimăniţă(maghiarul solyom), şuba = şubă (maghiarul suba), şuşana = şuşanea(tr. şişane), taj*: durere = tînj: durere, suferinţă(sl. tonziti), tapa*: flagelare, suferinţă = tapă: tăietură sub formă de pană, făcută în trunchiul unui copac(et. necunoscută), tar = tare(lat. talem), tai = tăia(lat. taliare), tavur = taur(lat. taurus), tarapania = tarapana(tr. tarabhane), taua = tău(maghiarul to), tuaca = teacă(lat. theea), temei = temei(sl. temeli), titthiya*: clevetitori, conspiratori = titii: a şopti(nu este în DEX), tîrta = tîrtiţă(bg. tărtica), tobă = tobă(maghiarul dob), trgovanie = tîrgui(sl. trugovati), ticva = tigvă(bg. ticva), tabar = topor(sl. toporu), trasnai = trăsnăi(sl. tresnonti), trăsati = tresări(fr. tressaillir), tripitaka*: trei coşuri = tri(lat. tres) + pitaka. coşul disciplinei pentru călugări, coşul doctrinelor filozofice, metafizice şi religioase, pitacă: act oficial, poruncă scrisă, scrisoare(sl. pitaku), tulpinia = tulpină(bg. tulpina), tara = ţară(lat. terra), tarc = ţarcă(maghiarul szarka), ţinta = ţintaş(sl. centa), dumbra = umbra(lat. umbra), valîcica = ulcică(lat. ollicella), udaca = uda(lat. udare), udhar = uger(lat. uber), urda = urdă(et. necunoscută), ura = ură(lat. horrire), urdu = urgie(lat. orgia), urias = uriaş(maghiarul orias), urs = urs(lat. ursus), usc = usca(lat. exsucare), vadava = văduva(lat. viduus), vadîmi = vatama(lat. victimaare), vale = vale(lat. vallis), vama = vama(maghiarul vam), vatra = vatră(albanezul vatrë), vepas = văpaie(albanezul vapë), varasati = vărsaţi(lat. versare), vartena = vîrtej(bg. vărtej), vanada = vînat(lat. venare), vîrbu = vîrf(sl. vruhu), varîmi = vîrî(sl. vreti), vîrta = vîrtos(lat. virtus), dzambaiîmi = zîmbi(sl. zonbi), soma = zeamă(lat. zema), sares = zer(et. necunoscută), dziua = ziua(lat. dies), dzurba = zurbă(tr. zorba).

  

Sorin Olteanu's Thraco-Daco-Moesian Languages Project (TDML)

Site dedicat cercetării ştiinţifice a antichităţilor şi vechilor limbi balcanice

http://soltdm.com/index.htm 

Forum at:  http://soltdm.com/forumB/

The TDM Languages section:
	Thesaurus Relictorum Linguarum Thraco-Dacicarum (TRLTD)
		Principles & Methods
		Motivation & Historic
		Thesaurus Relictorum Linguarum Thraco-Dacicarum (TRLTD)
			A-Alm 56 kb
			Abro-, Ebry-
			Axiopolis (Rasova, Cernavodă)
			Callatis (1.1: Atestările în izv. literare)
			Carsium (Hârşova)
			Decebalus-.Inscripţia Decebalus per Scorilo)
			Dromichaites Răspuns la "recenzia" d-rei Peţan la ciorna acestui articol
			Epta-
			Saldo-(byssa)
			Scoris, Scorilo şi familia. Inscripţia Decebalus per Scorilo
			Zaldapa-Zeldepa
			Zalmoxis/Zamolxis [Atestările]
			-zenis [First part. The Attestations]
	Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum (LTDM)
		Principles & Methods
		Bibliography
		Historic & Specifics
		Lexic & Etymology
		Phonetics
			Palatala tracă("Spiranta iraţională") The Thracian Palatal("The Irrational spirant ")
			The Metathesis of -y-
		Morphology & Syntax
		Dialects
			Principalele arii lingvistice trace după formantul autohton cu sensul "aşezare, cetate"
		TDM Lexicon

The Sources section
	Principles & Methods
	Direct Sources
		Epigraphical Sources
			Principles & Methods
			Corpus Inscriptionum ad Thraco-Dacos Pertinentium
			Articles
				KAGA: an Important Dacian Word KAGA: un important cuvânt dacic-37 kb
				Notă despre incripţia de pe inelul de la Ezerovo
				Note sur IGLR 189(inscr. de Valerius Onesimus; "Legionis VII He(r)culie")
				Note sur IGLR 191 ('Pro caritate<m>...')
				Notă despre IGLR 241 (gemma abraxea)
				Note about a double-edited inscription in Mihailov's IGB
	Indirect Sources (Manuscripts)
		Main Ancient Authors
			Ancient Authors-Index and Biographical Notes
			Procopius Caesariensis (text and comments)
			Strabon (books 6-14)
			Ptolemaeus (balkanic provinces; greek & romanian; some maps)
			Plinius Maior
			Tabula Peutingeriana
			Geographus Ravennas
			Itinerarium Pictum Annotatum (archetypus Tabulae Peutingerianae et Anonymi Ravennatis)
			Itinerarium Burdigalense (Hierosolymitanum)
			Itinerarium Antonini
			Dioscurides et Pseudo-Apuleius
			Hieroclis Synecdemus
		Minor Ancient Authors
		Other Sources
			Trajan's Column (description and images)

http://www.twcenter.net/forums/showthread.php?t=215507&page=11 

The terms Centum Group and Satem Group come from the words for the number "one hundred" in a traditional representative language of each group: Latin centum and Avestan satəm. The initial consonant in these two examples comes from the Indo-European palatal consonant, *ḱ, which became in the first case a simple velar, and in the second a sibilant. The Romanian language has a Dacian substratum and the Romanian word for one hundred is "o suta"!



Many people of the ancient world performed rituals concerning the transformation of someone into wild animals including Native Americans. Nonetheless it is true that there could be a link between Cimbri bear warriors and the Romanian tradition consisting in men dressing as bears. Romanians have preserved many Dacian elements and we must be proud of our heritage!

Herodotus thought the Cimmerians and the Thracians closely related, writing that both peoples originally inhabited the northern shore of the Black Sea, and both were displaced about 700 BC, by invaders from further east. Whereas the Cimmerians would have departed this ancestral homeland by heading east and south across the Caucasus, the Thracians migrated west and south into the Balkans, where they established a successful and long-lived culture. The Tauri, the original inhabitants of Crimea, are sometimes identified as a people related to the Thracians.

Thracians inhabited parts of the ancient provinces: Thrace, Moesia, Macedonia, Dacia, Scythia Minor, Sarmatia, Bithynia, Mysia, Pannonia, and other regions on the Balkans and Anatolia. This area extends over most of the Balkans region, and the Getae north of the Danube as far as beyond the Bug.

Premodern historians asserted Cimmerian descent for the Celts or the Germans, arguing from the similarity of Cimmerii to Cimbri or Cymry.

The etymology of Cymro "Welshman" (plural: Cymry) and Cwmry (for Cumbria), connected to the Cimmerians by 17th century celticists, is now accepted by Celtic linguists to derive from the Brythonic word combrogos and Proto-Brythonic kom-brogos, meaning "compatriots", and is thus related to its sister language Breton's keñvroad, keñvroiz "compatriot".

The Takla Makan Mummies of China are of Caucasoid origin. These 3,000-year-old people celebrated fertility in Western China, at reproductive fertility rite ceremony sites, where they drew figures virtually identical to 4,000-year-old ones found in Bulgaria and Ukraine. The Horse was first domesticated on the lands which were part of the Thracian home range, the Ukrainian Steppes. Man domesticated horses here between 4500 and 2500 BC. The fierce Cimmerians also originated on these lands. Most likely they where the first ever nomads. The origin of the Cimmerians is obscure. Linguistically they are usually regarded as Thracian or as Iranian, or at least to have had an Iranian ruling class. They probably lived in the area north of the Black Sea.

Cimmerians where responsible for the destruction of the Armenian - Urartu kingdom and the Thracian - Phrygian one. The Cimmerian’s culture influenced the Celts, the Thracians, and the Scythians who defeated and assimilated the Cimmerians in a 30 year war around the 7th or 8th centuries BC.

The Sarmatians where the descendents of the Cimmerians and had their revenge over the Scythians. A large part of the Sarmatians migrated westwards and established near Thracians! In many cases Thracians and Sarmatians allied against common enemies.

Herodotus was probably right about the common origin of Thracians and Cimmerians (Sarmatians) but he was most certainly wrong about the period they decided to migrate in opposite directions! That happened much earlier!

Of course there exists the possibility of more then one migrations...

There are some historians that sustain the Thracian origin of the Pelasgians, Etruscans and Iberians based on the Albanian language related to ancient Thracian and Illyrian, on the legend of Sea People and on the migration of Lydians in Italy. The Albanian language was used to decipher ancient writings found in Lemnos and Imbros islands, Egypt, Italy and Spain.

Some say that Minoans and Argolids where Pelasgians and that the ancient Philistines, Etruscans and Iberians were descendents of the Sea People of Thracian and Semitic origins...

Thracians influenced many cultures including Macedonians and Greeks!

To answer your question there was without a doubt a relation between Thracians and the Germanic Cimbri even if they were closer to Celts regarding lifestyle and warfare.

Thraco-Cimmerians migrated in Cimbri teritory and merged with them. This is proved by testing mithocondrial DNA. Back then Cimbri were Celts and lived near the Alps. Only later they merged with the Germans from the north and took the Etruscan-based runic writing system with them. They are responsible for the Etruscan scripts in Northern Europe.

Many Celtic tribes that lived in Southeastern Europe claimed to be descendends of the Thracians! They were Celto-Thracians!



Distribution of Thraco-Cimmerian finds!

We Romanians have such a great history and we don't even know it!

http://www.eupedia.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-26546.html?s=381311793f3f1e8821be716925faf997 

There are a lot of theories regarding Dacian Language. One is about Dacian connecting with Baltic languages and, flowingly, Baltic tribes:
From wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language)

"A number of scholars have pointed to the many close parallels between Dacian and Thracian placenames and those of the Baltic (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages) language-zone (Lithuania (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania), Latvia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia) and East Prussia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia), a region where an extinct but well-documented Baltic language, Old Prussian (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Prussian), was spoken until it was displaced by German (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language) during the Middle Ages.[89] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language#cite_note-88) These Baltic parallels have enabled linguists to decipher many Dacian and Thracian placenames. Of the 74 Dacian placenames analysed by Duridanov in his 1969 essay, a total of 62 have Baltic cognates, the great majority rated "certain" by Duridanov.[90] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language#cite_note-89) To explain this, Duridanov suggests that proto-Dacian- and proto-Thracian- speakers were in close geographical proximity with proto-Baltic-speakers for a prolonged period in prehistory, perhaps during the period 3000-2000 BC.[91] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language#cite_note-90) Mayer ventures further, suggesting that Dacian and Thracian were what he terms "southern pre-Baltoidic" languages, presumably meaning either proto-Baltic or close descendants of proto-Baltic.[92] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language#cite_note-91) The partially satem characteristics of Thracian and Dacian and their similarities to the Baltic group suggest that an ancestral Thraco-Dacian people was settled in Dacia until part of it migrated into Thrace[93] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_language#cite_note-92)"

To support this theory I have looked at the list of reconstructed Dacian words and compared them with Lithuanian words (also including dialects and old. Lithuanian words).

As you can see the list of similar words is impressive. Have in mind that I was not checking Latvian words and also Old Prussian. Let see if you can also get other comparisons with Romanian, Albanian or Slavic languages and then we can draw our conclusions.
4891

List of reconstructed Dacian words

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article contains a list of reconstructed words of the ancient Dacian language. They have been restored by some linguists from attested Dacian place and personal names (toponyms and anthroponyms) using the comparative linguistic method; or from words believed by some scholars to be Dacian relics in the modern Romanian and Albanian languages.^[1][2]

In the case of words reconstructed from onomastic evidence, the original meanings ascribed to the names in question are assumed from close cognates in other Indo-European languages.^[3] However, the results are hypothetical and subject, in some cases, to divergent etymological interpretations.^[4] Reconstructions derived from Romanian and Albanian words are based on the disputed theory that early Albanian descends from Daco-Moesian and the separate, mainstream view that Dacian forms the main linguistic substratum of the Romanian language.

Contents [hide] 1 Reconstruction of words from place and personal names 2 Reconstruction from Romanian and Albanian words 3 Table of reconstructed words 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 6.1 Ancient 6.2 Modern 7 Further reading 8 External links

[edit] Reconstruction of words from place and personal names

In the 1960's, the Bulgarian linguists Vladimir I. Georgiev and Ivan Duridanov used the comparative linguistic method to decipher the meanings of ancient Thracian and Dacian names and to reconstruct Thracian and Dacian words. Duridanov reconstructed ca. 100 Dacian words,^[5] and Georgiev about a dozen. Georgiev also reconstructed ca. 180 Thracian words.^[6] The reliability of these reconstructions is controversial in academic circles. While the two Bulgarians claim that their results are "certain" or at least "very probable", Polomé (1982) considers that only 20-25 Dacian, and 40-45 Thracian, reconstructed words are reasonably well-founded.^[7]

Georgiev argues that one can reliably decipher the meaning of an ancient place-name in an unknown language by comparing it to its successor-names and to cognate place-names and words in other IE languages, both ancient and modern. He gives several examples of his methodology, of which one is summarised here:

The city and river (a tributary of the Danube) in eastern Romania called Cernavodă. In Slavic, the name means "black water". The same town in Antiquity was known as Άξίοπα (Axiopa) or Άξιούπολις (Axioupolis) and its river as the Άξιος (Axios). The working assumption is, therefore, that Axiopa means "black water" in Dacian. According to the known rules of formation of IE composite words, this breaks down as axi = "black" and opa or upa = "water" in Dacian (the -polis element is ignored, as it is a Greek suffix meaning "city"). The assumption is then validated by examining cognate placenames. The axi element is validated by another Danube tributary called the Axios, which is today known as Crna reka (located in Republic of Macedonia: "black river") and by the older Greek name for the Black sea, Άξεινος πόντος (Axeinos pontos, later altered to the euphemism Euxeinos pontos = "Hospitable sea"). The opa/upa element is validated by the Lithuanian cognate upė ("water").^[8] N.B. This etymology is questioned by Russu: Axiopa, a name attested only in Procopius' De Aedificiis, may be a corrupt form of Axiopolis.^[9] Even if correct, however, Russu's objection is irrelevant: it does not invalidate the decipherment of the axi- element (which is validated by other toponyms) and the -upa element appears in other placenames e.g. Scenopa (see upa entry in table below).

Russu (1967) attempted to decipher Thracian and Dacian onomastic elements (placenames and personal names) by reference to presumed proto-Indo-European roots-words.^[10] But Georgiev considers such a methodology (known as Wurzeletymologien = "root-etymologies"), used in isolation, to be "devoid of scientific value".^[11] This is because the root-words themselves are reconstructions, which are in some cases disputed and in all cases subject to uncertainty; multiple root-words can often explain the same word; and the list of proposed IE root-words may not be complete.

There have also been other attempts to reconstruct Dacian words e.g. Reichenkron (1966).^[10] The latter assumes that so-called "substratum" words in Romanian (those whose etymology cannot convincingly be ascribed to Romanian's parent-language Latin or to any of the fully documented languages that have influenced Romanian: Slavic, Hungarian, Greek, Turkish etc.) are of Dacian origin. But Polomé considers that such a methodology is not reliable.^[12] This is because the process of elimination described cannot exclude the possibility that a word derives from other, unknown or little-known tongues that were at some period current in Dacia or Moesia: for example, possible pre-Indo-European language(s) of the Carpathians or Balkans; or the Illyrian, Thracian and Paeonian languages, spoken alongside Daco-Moesian in the Balkans for at least 2 millennia. Almost half the Romanian substratum words have close cognates in Albanian: since the latter is considered by mainstream scholarship to be a descendant of Illyrian, it is possible that many of the Romanian substratum words are of Illyrian, rather than Dacian, origin. In other words, there is no guarantee that the Romanian "substratum" words are, in reality, of Dacian origin.

The methodology employed by Georgiev and Duridanov has been questioned by other scholars on a number of grounds, including:

1. The phonetic systems of Dacian and Thracian and their evolution are not reconstructed from elements derived directly from the ancient languages in question but from their approximative Greek and Latin transcripts.^{[13] [14]}.
2. The etymologies that are adduced to validate the proposed Dacian and Thracian vowel- and consonant- changes (that are, in turn, used for word-reconstruction by the comparative method) are open to divergent interpretations, since the material is strictly onomastic, with the exception of Dacian plant names and of the limited number of glosses.^[15] Because of this, there are divergent and even contradictory assumptions for the phonological structure and development of the Dacian and Thracian languages. ^[15]
3. In the case of personal names, the choice of etymology is often a matter of compliance with such assumed phonological rules ^[16].
4. Since, based on the work of Georgiev, the geographical aspect of occurrence of sound changes (i.e. o > a) within "Thracian territory" considered in the wider sense began to be emphasized by some researchers, the chronological aspect has been rather neglected.^[17]
5. There are numerous and important cases where inadequate evidence has obscured the vocalism of these ancient idioms, resulting in the most contradictory theories. ^[18] Poghirc estimates some 3,000 known Thracian and Dacian lexical units (a substantial number of which are attested in inscriptions and in literature). About 30 of these display alternations between o and a. According to Poghirc, Georgiev and Russu explain only a few of these, and the same explanation is not valid for all of them. ^[19]
6. Both Georgiev and Duridanov ignore the context of the names and start from arbitrary assumptions, such as considering a name Dacian just because it is attested in Dacia or because it is a hapax.^[20]
7. According to Dana, Duridanov's method is unreliable because it uses doubtful names, and names which certainly are not Dacian and because most of the names are hapaxes. Also the names are in most cases explained using dubious Baltic etymologies.^[21]
8. Duridanov's results are in contradiction with the reconstruction of a Balto-Slavic language group, as they show many parallels between Dacian and Baltic, but not Slavic languages.^[22]

[edit] Reconstruction from Romanian and Albanian words

Georgiev, Duridanov and Russu concur that the Dacian language constitutes the main pre-Latin substratum of the modern Romanian language.^{[citation needed]} Duridanov also accepts Georgiev's theory that modern Albanian is descended from Daco-Moesian.^{[citation needed]} The latter view, however, is contested by many linguists, especially Albanian, who consider the language a direct descendant of the extinct Illyrian language. Thus, reconstructions based on modern Albanian words, or Romanian substratum words with Albanian cognates, may actually represent ancient Illyrian, rather than Dacian, elements.^{[citation needed]}

There exists a fringe theory (e.g. Paliga) that Illyrian was closely related to Dacian and Thracian, being descended from a proposed Thraco-Illyrian branch of IE.^{[citation needed]} Some of the words cognate between the Romanian substrate and Albanian also have close Baltic cognates,^[23] e.g. Latvian mala, "river-bank", which Demiraj^[24] lists as a cognate for Romanian mal ("shore") and Albanian mal ("mountain"). Orel considers Lithuanian mažulis and mažas a cognate for Albanian modhullë and modhë, and Romanian mazăre 'pea'. Nevertheless, the Thraco-Illyrian hypothesis lacks evidential basis and has not been accepted by the academic mainstream.^[25]

Where such a modern word can be plausibly linked to an Indo-European root and/or modern cognates of similar meaning, a reconstruction of the putative Dacian original has been proposed.

[edit] Table of reconstructed words

RECONSTRUCTED DACIAN WORDS

Dacian word	Meaning	Possible Indo-European root-words	Ancient cognates (same meaning unless stated)	Modern cognates (same meaning unless stated)	Attestation	Cognate placenames	Notes
*aba, apa[26]	water, river	*ab- ("water", "river") It derived from akwa (shift kw>p, gw>b) [27]	aqua ("water"), amnis ("stream": Latin: der.< arc. *abnis); ap-(Old Persian "river")	apă (Romanian), upė (Lith.)	RN *Calabaeus,[28] river in Scythia Minor RN Apos	RN Abava (Lith.)	Apos is a Dacian or an Illyrian river name [29] [30]
*akmon[31]	stone, rock		άχμον: "meteorite" (Gr.)PN Άκμονία (Phrygia)	akmuo (Lith.) akmuons (Old Latv.)	PN Άκμονία (Akmonia);[32] PN Acmonia[33] in R. Dacia between river Thibiscum and Sarmizegethusa	RN Akmene (Lith.) LN Akmenas (Lith.) PN Άκμονία (Phrygia)	Acmonia was spelled Augmonia and Agmonia by the Geographer of Ravenna[34]
*albo[35]	white	*albho ‘white’[35]	albus (Latin)	alb (Romanian)	PN Alboca (Dacia)[35] TN = Albocensi [35]
*alda (noun), *alta- (adj.)[36]	swamp, waterlogged	*olda, *olta ("water", "odorous")		aleti (Lith.: "flooded") aluots (Latv.: "source") ałt (Arm.: "filthy")	PN Άλδανες (Aldanes):[37] fort near Naissus (Moesia Sup.) PN Αλτίνα (Altina):[38] fort nr. Tramarisca	RN Aldes (Latv.) RN Altis (Lith.) SN Altenes (Latv.)	The Dacian origin of Aldanes is controversial.[39]
*alm-[40]	to flow, to stream			almeti (Lith)	RN Almus Moesia Inferior (river Lom, Bulg); PN Almo, fort at mouth of Lom (Itin. Ant. 219.4)	RN Almė (Lith); LN Ałmji (Latv)
*amalas	mistletoe				PN Amlaidina
*auras, *auro[41]	water, moisture, pool	*uer, *au(e)r 'wet, moisten'[41]			RN Αύρας (Auras)
*axi-	black		a-xsei ‘black, dark’ (Iranian) [42]		PN Άξίοπα town in Scythia Minor, RN Macedonian river (now Vardar)[42]		Axios is considered reflecting the Iranian root a-xsei ‘black, dark’ [42]. Russu argues Axiopa is not a Dacian name, but a corrupt rendition of Axiopolis.[9]
*baidas	frightening, repulsive				PN Baetarus
*bal	warrior				PRN Decebalus
*balas,*balos[43]	strong [43]	*bel ('strong')[43], [44]	Sanskrit bala-m- 'force, strong' [44]		PRN Decebalus[43]
*balas	white	*bhel- ('white, bright') [45]	ancient Greek phalos, phalios, ancient Greek balios "dappled"(<balios is considered a loan from Thracian or Illyrian; it is attested as far back as Homer's Iliad)	Russ. belyj 'white' Lit. bãlas 'white' Alb. balë "bright", Alb. bal, "piebald dog or horse" [46]	PRN Balius
*berza	birch-tree	*bhereg "shine" "white" including "birch-tree" [47]		berzas (Lith.) bereza (Ukr)	PN Bersovia, Berzovia	Here, it is no observable difference between Thracian and Dacian[48]
*bur, buris[49]	plentiful, rich, swollen [49].	*b(e)u-, bh(e)u-(`to swell, inflate, plentiful') [49].	Old Indian bhū́-ri-ḥ `rich, a lot, immense'[49].		PRN Burebista and PRN Mucabur [49], Buridava, Buri (Dacian tribe)
*brukla[50]	cranberry	*bhreu-k- ("to spread")		brūkle (Latv.)	TN Breuci? (Thrac. tribe-name) PN Brucla[51] (fort in Dacia, W of R. Mureş)	MN Brùkļu (Latv.) SN Bruklynė (Lith.)
*buta(s)[52]	house, hut, dwelling			bùtas, butà (Lith.) buts (Latv.: "small house") buttan (Old Pr.)	PN Βούττις (Bouttis)[53](fort in Dacia Med.) PN Boutae[54] (mountain pass into Dacia)	PN Butani (Latv.) PN Butyn (Old Pr.) RN Butėnių (kaimas) (Lith.)	The Dacian origin of Bouttis is controversial. Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 84, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970, p. 99.
*čuk-[55]	peak, summit	*ḱu- ("sharp", "pike")		ciucă (Rom.)	PN Thōkyōdis Via[56] PN *Thoukysidantikī[57]
*daba	character, nature				PRN Δαβεις
*daba	put in order, good [58]	Dabh (‘arrange, suitable‘)[58]			PRN Dabeis [58]
*dava	city, fortress				e.g. PN Rusidava, PN Argedava
*degis	burning, shining	dhegʷh (‘to burn‘)[59]	Lit. dègti 'to burn'		PRN Degis
*dina	place, area, plain				PN Amlai-dina, PN Dinogetia
*dikas	brave or strong, mighty				PRN Decebalus
*dita(s)[60]	light (noun), bright (adj.)	*dei-, *di- (to shine, shimmer)	*ditas (Thrac.)	ditë "day" (Alb.)	PRN Ditugentus[61]	PRN Ditte (Old Pr.) PN Ditava (Lith.)
*drasda	thrush (bird)			drazdas (Lith.)	PN Drasdea
*dribas, *drigas[62]	wild, restless			dribis, dribulis (Latv.:"a restless man") drignis (Lith.)	PRN Dribalus[63] PRN Aurelius Drigissa,[64] a veteran of Legio VII Claudia	PN Driba (Latv.) PN Drigotas (Lith.) RN Dryzel (Old Latv.) RN Drigin'a (Russia, of Baltic origin)
*duia[65]	swamp or mist, drizzle			dujà (Lith.: both meanings) dujs (Latv.: "dirty")	PN Δουιανα (Douiana), fort in Dacia Mediterranea[66]	PN Dujas (Latv.) RN Dyja (Russia, prob. Baltic origin) PN Daujėnai (Lith.)	The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[67]
*dumas	dark brown				PN Dimum (from *Dumum)
*galtis	sheet-ice, frost	gel(ǝ) (‘cold, freeze‘)[68]			PN Galtis
*genukla[69]	pasture, meadow			ganyklà (Lith.) ganīkla (Latv.)	PN Γένουκλα (Genucla)[70] (fortress of Getan king Zyraxes on Danube)	SN Dzęnuklis (Latv.)
*ger[71]	smart, awake[71]	*ger-4, grēi-(to grow; to awake)[72] [71]			PRN Gerula[71]
*geras[73]	good (-natured), kind	*guer(α)-[74]		gēras (Lith.)	PRN Gerulo PRN Gerula	PN Gerulių (Lith.) RN Gerùlis (Lith.)
*germas	hot, warm				PN Γέρμαζα
*gilus[69]	deep			gilùs (Lith.) dziļš (Latv.) gillin (Old Pr.)	PN Gildoba,[75] unknown "Thracian" location where St. Julius was revered	RNs Gilijà, Gilupis, Gỹlė (Lith.) LN Gilge (Old Pr.) LN Dziļaune (Latv.)
*gira (giria)	forest or mountain	gʷeru (‘pole, pike‘)[76]		Lith. girià 'forest' Rus. gora 'mountain'	PN Giridava
*granda[77]	plank			grandà (Lith.: "bridge-plank") grandico (Old Pr.) gruõdi (Latv.)	PN Γράνδετον (Grandeton),[78] fort near Naissus(Moesia Superior)	PN Grandų káimas (Lith.) RNs Gruõds, Gruõdi, Gruõdupis (Latv.)	The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[79]
*griva[77]	river-bed or river-mouth		? *grava (Thrac.: "valley" or "river-bed")	grĩva (Latv.: "river-mouth") greva (Lith.: "river-bed")	PN Γρίβο (Grivo),[80] fort near Naissus (moesia Sup.)	RN Grýva(Lith.) RNs Grīva, Grīvīte (Latv.)	The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[81]
kaga[82]	sacred, holy	*kʷog(h)- (< *kʷeg(h)-)		kazat′, skazat′ (Sl. "to tell", "to say")	kaga[83]
*kalas	catfish?				RN Calabaeus
*kapas	hill, slope				PN Καπίδαυα (Capidava)
*kapura	hill				PN Capora,[84] in basin of river Tyras (Dniester)
*karpa	to cut, stone [85]	*sker, *ker 'to cut' [85], [86].		karpe, karma (*karp-m-) 'stone' (Albanian) [85]	MN Carpates TN Karpoi, Carpi [85], [86].	'Carpathians Mountains'[85], Carpi tribe [86].
*karsa	cave				PN Carsion
*katas	stall, animal enclosure, fish-basin				PN Κάττουζα
*keda	chair, stool			kede (Lith.)	PN Cedonia
*kerba	swampy ground				PN Cerbatis
*kerna	bush				PN *Cerna
*kerta	clearing in a wood			kerta (Lith.)	PN Certie
*kina	dry place in a swamp				PN Ciniscus
*klevas	maple-tree			klevas (Lith.)	PN Clevora
*krata	swampy place or pile, heap				PN Κρατίσκαρα		The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[87]
*kurta	grove, glade				PN Κουρτα
*lug-	swamp, morass				RN Λύγινος
*mal	bank, coast [88]			mal (Romanian)	PN Dacia Malvensis (Latin Dacia Ripensis)[88]		The Dacian word is preserved in the Romanian word mal 'bank, coast' and in the Albanian word mal 'mountain', which correspond to the Lettish word mala 'bank, boundary'[88]
*maska	pool, puddle				PN Μασκάς
*medeka	glade, small wood				PN Μέδεκα		The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[89]
*musas	mould, moss				RN Μουσαίος
*nara(s)	river, brook				RN (Rom. from Dac.) Nǎruja
*pala, *palma	swamp, bog		palus (Latin)	bala (Lith.)	PN Παλαδεινα; PN Palmatis
*pil-	to flow			pila (Lith.)	RN Gilpil
*preida	pine-tree				PN Πρέιδις
*put-	to swell, thicken			puti 'decay' (Lith.)	PN Putina
*rabo, rebo	‘to move’ ‘to flow’ ‘be in motion’	*rebh ‘to move’ ‘to flow’ ‘be in motion’ [90]		raib- (Lith.)	RN Rabon river in Dacia (Jiul?) It was etymologically connected with Arabon (Narabon?) from Pannonia [91]
*ramus	peaceful, restful			ramus 'peaceful'(Lith.)	PN Ραμίδαυα (Ramidava)
*rō(u)ka	drizzle, fine rain			rukas (Lith.)	PN (from RN) Rhocobae
*rus-	to flow				PN Rusidava
*san-apa	confluence (of two rivers)			santaka 'confluence of two rivers' upe 'river'(Lith.)	RN Sanpaeus
*sausas	dry	saus- (‘dry‘)[92]		Lith. sausas 'dry'	PRN Sausa
*sermas	river, river-current				PN Sirmium
*skabas	sharp, quick, lively				PRN Σκαβης
*skaudus	painful, sad or powerful			skaudus 'painful' (Lith.)	TN Scaugdae
*skuia	fir-tree	sk(h)u̯oi̯-, sk(h)u̯i(i̯)- (‘needle, thorn‘)[92]		Latv. skuja 'spruce-needle' skuja (Lith.)	PN Σκουάνες		The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[93]
*skumbras	hill, down			skumbre (Lith.)	PN Σκουμβρο		The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial.[94]
*spirus	fast, quick, rapid				RN Πασπίριος
*stendas	stiff, rigid, viscose			standus 'stiff' (Lith.)	PN Στένδαι		The Dacian origin of this toponym is controversial. Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 479, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, pp. 94, 114.
*suka	tear (ripped), gap				PN Σουκίδαυα (Sucidava)
*suras	salty			surus 'salty'(Lith.)	PN Σούρικον
*taras	chatterer, gossiper				PRN Tara
*tauta	people, nation, country			tauta 'nation' (Lith.)	PRN Tautomedes
*tiras	bare, barren, desolate				FN Τίριξις
*tut-	blow, smoke				RN Tutupis
*upa	river			upe 'river' (Lith.)	PN Scenopa
*urda	stream, brook				RN Όρδησσός
*vaigas	fast, rapid				PN (from RN) Aegeta
*varpa	whirlpool				PN (from RN) Άρπις
*visas	fertile, fruitful			visas 'whole' (Lith.)	PN Βισ-δίνα
*zalmo-	fur, skin, shield				PRN Ζαλμοδεγικος Ζάλμοξις
*zelmas	shoot (of a plant)				PRN Ζαλμοδεγικος
*zud-as	careful, precise				PRN Zude
*zuras	hot, shining				RN Zyras
*zuv-	fish		zuvis 'fish' (Lith.)	Romanian juvete, a species of fish [95] There are Baltic cognates also, apparently no close Albanian cognate

KEY:
N.B. Asterisk (*before word) indicates reconstructed word
PN = `settlement placename

PRN = personal name
TN = tribal name

RN = river/stream/brook name
LN = lake/pool/spring/waters name
SN = swamp name

MN = mountain/hill name
FN = field/meadow name
PLN = plant name

[edit] See also

• List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin
• List of Dacian plant names
• List of Dacian names
• Dacian language
• Baltic languages
• Thracian language
• Phrygian language
• Davae
• List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia

[edit] Notes

1. ^ Duridanov (1969) 90-5
2. ^ Georgiev (1976) 276-8
3. ^ Duridanov (1969) 12-13
4. ^ Polomé 1982, p. 878
5. ^ Duridanov & 1969 91-3.
6. ^ Georgiev & 1977 99-102.
7. ^ Polomé 1982, p. 872.
8. ^ Georgiev (1976) 277
9. ^ ^{a b} See Russu 1963, p. 131 and Russu 1969, p. 76. Ἀξιό^πλ is assumed to be an abbreviation for Axiopolis in the manuscripts of De Aedificiis.
10. ^ ^{a b} Posner & Green 1981, pp. 71.
11. ^ Georgiev 1977, p. 276.
12. ^ Polome & 1982 876.
13. ^ Fisher & 2003 570.
14. ^ Polome & 1982 885.
15. ^ ^{a b} Polome 1982, p. 878-879.
16. ^ Polome 1982, p. 881.
17. ^ Poghirc 1989, p. 297.
18. ^ Poghirc 1989, p. 306.
19. ^ Poghirc 1989, p. 297-298.
20. ^ Dana 2003, p. 170.
21. ^ Dana 2003, p. 169-170.
22. ^ Messing 1972, p. 962.
23. ^ Vladimir Orel A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian language, Bardhyl Demiraj, Albanian Inherited Lexicon
24. ^ Bardhyl Demiraj, Albanian Inherited Lexicon Online, page 30
25. ^ Polome 1982, p. 872.
26. ^ Duridanov (1969) 35, 92
27. ^ Walde-Pokorny 1959, p. 46
28. ^ ISM I 68
29. ^ Kitson 1996, p. 218.
30. ^ Athanassakis 1999, p. 108.
31. ^ Duridanov (1969) 14, 92
32. ^ Ptolemy III.8.4
33. ^ Rav. 203.14
34. ^ Schütte & 1917 85.
35. ^ ^{a b c d} Russu & 1967 90.
36. ^ Duridanov (1969) 15, 16, 92
37. ^ Proc. De Aed IV.4
38. ^ Proc. De Aed. IV.11
39. ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 11, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970, p. 104, cf. Aldaniae, Aldaniacus mons.
40. ^ Duridanov & 1969 15, 92.
41. ^ ^{a b} Russu & 1967 137 and 143.
42. ^ ^{a b c} Parvulescu & 1989 291.
43. ^ ^{a b c d} Russu & 1969 150 and 163.
44. ^ ^{a b} Walde et al. 110.
45. ^ Walde et al. 118-120.
46. ^ Demiraj et al..
47. ^ Walde et al. 170.
48. ^ Solta & 1980 22.
49. ^ ^{a b c d e} Russu & 1967 97 and 132.
50. ^ Duridanov (1969) 22, 90
51. ^ Tab. Peut. VIII.2
52. ^ Duridanov (1969) 21, 90
53. ^ Proc. De Aed IV.4; Hes. 122.26
54. ^ Jord. Get. 74
55. ^ Olteanu (2007)
56. ^ Olteanu 2007. Θωκύωδις βία in Proc. De Aed., IV.11,15
57. ^ Olteanu 2007. *Θουκυσιδαντικη is one of the strategies of Thrace. Θουκυσιδαντικῆς on IGB IV 2338.
58. ^ ^{a b c} Russu & 1969 151 and 158.
59. ^ Walde et al. 240.
60. ^ Duridanov (1969) 77, 90
61. ^ CIL III.835
62. ^ Duridanov (1969) 77-8, 90
63. ^ CIL III.3888
64. ^ CIL III.14507
65. ^ Duridanov (1969) 30, 90
66. ^ Proc. De Aed. IV.4; Hes. 121, 17
67. ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 151, but Latin according to Russu 1962, p. 398 and Beševliev 1970, p. 97, derived with suffix -iana.
68. ^ Walde et al. 366.
69. ^ ^{a b} Duridanov (1969) 23, 90
70. ^ Dio LI.26
71. ^ ^{a b c d} Russu & 1967 137 and 140.
72. ^ Walde-Pokorny, Julius 598f.
73. ^ Duridanov (1969) 76, 90
74. ^ Pokorny 478
75. ^ Acta SS Nov. II.155 XIII Kal. ian.
76. ^ Walde et al. 479.
77. ^ ^{a b} Duridanov (1969) 25, 91
78. ^ Proc. De Aed. IV.4; H. 122, 51
79. ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 108, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, p. 106: Granditum [castellum].
80. ^ Proc. De Aed. IV.4; H. 124, 9
81. ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 109, but Latin or Celtic according to Beševliev 1970, pp. 25, 114: Gribus possibly derived from a Celtic *gravo = "sand".
82. ^ Sluşanschi (1989)
83. ^ Olteanu 1989. The word καγα occurs twice, in ISM II 36 and in ISM II 138, with the meaning sacrum.
84. ^ Rav. 178, 3
85. ^ ^{a b c d e} Russu & 1969 114 and 205.
86. ^ ^{a b c} Poghirc & 1989 302.
87. ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 266, possibly derived from a Greek name, but Celtic according to Beševliev 1970, p. 93.
88. ^ ^{a b c} Georgiev 1981, p. 126.
89. ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 291, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, p. 97: the adjective medicus.
90. ^ Russu & 1969 153 and 158.
91. ^ Russu & 1969 134.
92. ^ ^{a b} Walde et al. 880.
93. ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 461, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, p. 100: squama = "scale, metal plate".
94. ^ Thracian according to Detschew 1957, p. 459,461, related to the Thracian tribe Σκόμβροι, and to the mountain name Σκόμβρος, but Latin according to Beševliev 1970, pp. 57, 111: scomber = "mackerel".
95. ^ Duridanov

[edit] References

[edit] Ancient

• Ammianus Marcellinus Res Gestae (ca. 395)
• Dioscorides De Materia Medica (ca. AD 80)
• Jordanes Getica (ca. 550)
• Ptolemy Geographia (ca. 140)
• Pseudo-Apuleius De Herbarum Virtutibus (5th c.)
• Sextus Aurelius Victor De Caesaribus (361)
• Strabo Geographica (ca. AD 20)
• Tacitus Germania (ca. 100)
• Zosimus Historia Nova (ca. 500)

[edit] Modern

• Abramea, Anna P (, 1994). Thrace. Idea Advertising-Marketing. ISBN 9789608560918.
• Asenova, Petja (1999). Bulgarian in Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz. ISBN 978347039390.
• Athanassakis, Apostolos N. (1999). "Okeanos: Mythic and Linguistic Origins". Proceedings of the tenth annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, Los Angeles, May 21–23, 1998. pp. 95–116.
• Beševliev, Veselin (1970). Zur Deutung der Kastellnamen in Prokops Werk "De Aedificiis". Amsterdam.
• Fraser, P.M., Matthews (1959). Samothrace: no. 1. The inscriptions on stone edited by Karl Lehmann Phyllis Williams Lehmann. Pantheon Books.
• Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (2000)
• Gordon, Childe (1930). The Bronze Age/With Map. Biblo-Moser. ISBN 978-0819601230.
• CIL: Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
• Crossland, R.A.; Boardman, John (1982). "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early Classical period". The Cambridge Ancient History. III.1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521224963.
• Dana, Dan (2003). "Les daces dans les ostraca du désert oriental de l'Égypte. Morphologie des noms daces.". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 143: 166–186.
• Detschew, Dimiter (1957). Die thrakischen Sprachreste. Vienna.
• Georgiev, Vladimir I. (1977) (in Bulgarian, French summary). Trakite i technijat ezik/Les Thraces et leur langue (The Thracians and their language). Sofia, Bulgaria: Izdatelstvo na Bălgarskata Akademija na naukite. http://books.google.com/books?id=zO0tAAAAMAAJ.
• Price, Glanville (1998). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-22039-9.
• Du Nay, André (1977). The early history of the Rumanian language.
• Duridanov, I. (1969): Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen
• Fisher, Iancu (2003). Les substrats et leur influence sur les langues romanes: la Romania du Sud-Est / Substrate und ihre Wirkung auf die romanischen Sprachen: Sudostromania in Romanische Sprachgeschichte. Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110146943.
• Fol, Alexander (1996). ‘’Thracians, Celts, Illyrians and Dacians’’ in History of Humanity: From Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D. Bernan Assoc.. ISBN 978-9231028120.
• Jones, A. H. M. (1964): The Later Roman Empire, 284-602
• Kitson, Peter R. (1996). "Reconstruction, typology and the “original homeland” of the Indo-Europeans". In Fisiak, Jacek. Linguistic reconstruction and typology. Mouton De Gruyter. pp. 183–239. ISBN 978-3110149050.
• Lloshi, Xhevat (1999): Albanian in Handbuch der Südosteuropa Linguistik Band 10 (online)
• Mayer H.E. (1992): Dacian and Thracian as southern Baltoidic in Lituanus Vol. 38 no 2 (online)^{[unreliable source?]}
• Messing, Gordon M. (1972). "'Thrakisch-dakische Studien, I: Die thrakisch- und dakisch-baltischen Sprachbeziehungen by Ivan Duridanov' reviewed by Gordon M. Messing Cornell University Edited by George Melville Bolling". Language (Linguistic Society of America) 48 (4): 960–963.
• Nandris, John (1976). The Dacian Iron Age A Comment in a European Context in Festschrift für Richard Pittioni zum siebzigsten Geburtstag. Wien, Deuticke, Horn, Berger. ISBN 9783700544203.
• Olteanu, Sorin (2007). "Toponime procopiene". SCIVA 58 (1-2): 67–116.
• Olteanu, Sorin (1989). "Kaga şi Kōgaionon. Datele problemei.". Thraco-Dacica X: 215–217.
• Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times:Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci, & Moesians, translated by Mary Stansfield-Popovic. John Benjamins North America, Incorporated. ISBN 9789025607937.
• Parvan, Vasile (1928). Dacia. The Cambridge University Press.
• Parvulescu, Adrian (1989). ‘Black water’ in the Thracian hidronymy Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology Rotterdam, 24–26 September 1984. Brill Academic Pub. ISBN 978-9004088641.
• Poghirc, Cicerone (1989). "Considerations chrono-geographiques sur l’oscillation a/o en Thrace et en Daco-Mesien" published in Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology Rotterdam, 24–26 September 1984. Brill Academic. ISBN 978-0819601230.
• Polomé, Edgar Charles (1982). "Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian)". Cambridge Ancient History. III.1. pp. 866–888.
• Posner, Rebecca; Green (1981). Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology. Mouton De Gruyter. ISBN 978-9027978868.
• Rădulescu, Mircea-Mihai (1987). The Indo-European position of Illyrian, Daco-Mysian and Thracian: A historica-methodological approach. Journal of Indo-European Studies. ISSN 15.239-271.
• Renfrew, Colin (1987): Archaeology and Language: the Puzzle of Indo-European Origins
• Russu, Ion Iosif (1962). "Les toponymes dans la péninsule des Balkans dans le "De aedificiis"". Studii şi Cercetări Lingvistice XIII: 393–403.
• Russu, Ion Iosif (1963). "Die Ortsnamen der Balkanhalbinsel in De Aedificiis". Revue de Linguistique VIII: 123–132.
• Russu, Ion Iosif (1969). Die Sprache der Thrako-Daker.
• Solta, Georg Renatus (1980). Berücksichtigung des Substrats und des Balkanlateinischen. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
• Schütte, Gudmund (1917). Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe: a reconstruction of the prototypes. H. Hagerup.
• Sluşanschi, Dan (1989). "Kaga şi Kōgaionon. Analiză filologică şi lingvistică.". Thraco-Dacica X: 219–224.
• Walde-Pokorny, Julius (1959). The Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (IEW, "Indo-European Etymological Dictionary") and notes.
• Walde, Alois; Pokorny, Julius (1973). Vergleichendes Warterbuch Der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3110045567.
• Thompson, E.A. (1982): Zosimus 6.10.2 and the Letters of Honorius in Classical Quarterly 33 (ii)

[edit] Further reading

Please expand this article. Some suggested sources are given below. More information might be found in a section of the talk page. (December 2011)

• http://soltdm.com/geo/arts/categs/categs.htm
• http://soltdm.com/sources/inscr/kaga/kaga_e.htm

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dacia and Dacians

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dacian language

• Sorin Olteanu's Project: Linguae Thraco-Daco-Moesorum – Toponyms Section