TURDASH picture at: http://www.turdas.ro/images/uroi.jpg

Homer’s Iliad (II.v.782-783), the most ancient monument of Greek literature, tells us that the country of Typhon or Typhoeu, as he calls him, was the country of the Arimi (the form Arimi corresponds to Rimi; the Greeks said ‘Aripes instead of ‘Ripes, to a population from Achaia), near the mountain Typhoeu, where was also the abode of this brave and legendary dragon.

These Arimi, as Hesiodus says (Theog. v.304-306; 731) dwelt at the northern edge of the earth known to the Greeks, the place where there was also the vast subterranean cave, in which this ancient and powerful monarch of the Istru was thrown. The placing of the Arimi in Asia Minor (cf. Strabo, XII.8.19; XIII.4.6) is completely unscientific and is in total contradiction with Homeric and Hesiodic geography, as well as with the Egyptian legends.

With the war between Osiris and Typhon though, the political role of the Arimi comes to an end. Their name disappears completely from Greek literature. They belonged to an ancient world and their memory appears only as a far away echo, even in the poems of Homer and Hesiod.

These Arimi, by the importance given them by Homer and Hesiod, were during the first heroic epoch, the most extended population of the lands of Thrace, the Lower Danube and Scythia, and westwards we find traces of ethnic settlements of the Arimi right to the Cotic Alps and beyond the Rhine valley.

Typhon is Arim or Ariman by nationality, and the dominant ethnic element in his empire was the nation of the Arimi. Under the name Ariman, Typhon is shown in the national religion of ancient Iran as the principle of evil. The great event that had happened at the Istru, had also a deep impact in the entire prehistoric world, right to the banks of the Ganges.

A great and united empire had been destroyed, the largest which had ever existed, founded by Saturn, the father of Typhon and Osiris; empire in the orbit of which fell a large part of Europe, of north Africa and of western Asia, which is what Apollodorus means when he says that Typhon reached to the stars with his head, with one hand to the west and with the other to the east.

This Ariman, the doctrines of Zoroaster tell us, had tried, under the shape of a dragon, to measure himself up with the sky. Ninety days and ninety nights all the gods fought against him, and at last, he was chased out by Ormazd, the god of light, and thrown into hell.

In essence and in form, the theology of Zoroaster did not contain anything new.

The personality of Ariman in Zendavesta is the same as the personality of Typhon of Greek and Egyptian theology (Dupuis, Origine de tous les cultes. Tome II.285).

Zoroaster, the founder of the ancient religion of the Persians, had lived with many centuries, we can say even thousands of years, after the memorable event happened at the Lower Danube, and he had only subsumed the ancient traditions, beliefs and legends of the west, transmitted to Media and Parthia by the migrations of the Scythians (Isidorus, Origines XIV.3.9).

As we said though, the ethnic name of the Arimi disappeared after their political ruin.

We find mentions of various geographical traces of their dwellings at the Danube and at the north of the Euxine Pontos, until late in historical times.

In the list of the various ethnic nations settled near the shores of the Black Sea, Pliny the Old (Hist. Nat. VI.7.1) mentions a population called Arim(ph)aei, a nationality with the same mores, and on the same level of civilization as the Hyperboreans, whose dwellings, as this author tells us, were near the Riphaei mountains, the ancient cradle of the just people; mountains which, from a geographical point of view, formed the western border of the plains called Scythia, and were therefore identical with the Carpathians (Justini, Historiarum Philippicarum lib. II. c.2).

The Carpathian mountain range view from above has a shape of a dragon.

Pliny again, this illustrious man of Rome, who, with his spirit and vast knowledge, wanted to cover the whole world, tells us also that, in a remote antiquity, various ethnic tribes of the Scythians had the name of Aramaei (Hist. Nat. VI.19.1)

These ethnic names of Arim(ph)aei and Aramaei, which luckily were preserved by the geographical sources of Pliny, present the Greek form of the name Arimi or Arimani, as, for example, the Greeks always used the expressions ‘Romaios and ‘Romaioi as correspondents for the terms Romanus and Romani.

[5. The costume of Typhon, as results from this symbolic presentation, was composed of a shirt with large sleeves, and long embroidered tight trousers, having at the lower part the shape of two wings for each leg, like the traditional trousers worn in Oltenia today. Over the waist he had a leather belt. The Egyptian priests have also attributed to Typhon a celestial character. On the Egyptian Planisphere, the entire northern hemisphere bears the name of “Statio Typhonia”, or “Statio Typhonis”. And Plutarch (Oeuvres, XI, p.308) tells us that the Egyptian priests considered the constellation Ursa, as the astronomical symbol of Typhon. Under the “Big Ursa”, according to the ideas of the ancients, dwelt the Sarmatians and the Getae (Ovid, Trist. III. 11.8; V. 3.7-8)].

We find a precious ethnic data regarding the Arimi, with the learned Alexandrine geographer Ptolemy, who had lived in the time of Adrian and Marc Aurelius. He is the only one, among all the geographers of that epoch, who mentions an ancient ante-Roman city called Ramidava (Geogr. III.c.8), meaning the city of the Rami, located in the southern part of this province, namely close to the river called today Buzeu.

Another important group of prehistoric Rami had in those times their dwellings near the Meotic lake (Pliny, H.N.VI.7.2), and beyond the Rhine, Cesar’s expedition made known to us the Remi or Rhemi (‘Remoi), one of the largest, most noble and powerful populations of Belgian Gaul, friends and allies of the Roman people (Caesaris, B.G.II.3, III.5, VII.90; Pliny, lib. IV. 31).

Homer’s Iliad has also preserved the memory of a Pelasgian lord with the name of Rigm-os, the son of Pirous of Thrace, hero who had taken part in the war with the Greeks as ally of the Trojans (Ilias, XX.v.484-5).

Between Drava and Sava, there appears during the Roman epoch, a locality with the name of Ramista (Itinerarium Hierosolymitanum, Ed. Parthey, p.266), or Remista (Die Peutingersche Tafel, Segm. V.3, Ed.Miller, 1888); in upper Moesia there was Remisiana (Itiner. Antonini, Ed. Parthey, p.63) or Romesiana (Die Peuting.Tafel, Segm.Vii.5); eastwards from Philippopoli there were Ramlum (Ibid. Segm.VIII.2) and Rhamis (Itin. Hierosol. P.269), and at the foot of the Cotic Alps, in the Narbonnese Gaul, there was the town Ramae (Ibid.p.263) - geographical names the  origin of which goes back to the ancient, extensive and homogenous population of the Rimi or Arimi, which had become so famous in prehistoric times.

We find new geographical elements regarding the country of Typhon, and the power center of the ancient Arimi, in the important description preserved by Apollodorus.

The first battle with Typhon, this author tells us, took place at the mountain called Casiu, Kasion oros, and this time the success was on the part of Typhon. The titan king from the Istru, caught Jove, his adversary, and imprisoned him in the cave called Coryciu.

This mountain Casiu, which had become so famous in the war of Osiris (Jove) with Typhon, also had a historical role in the first war of Trajan with the Dacians.

Trajan, Suidas tells us, dedicated to Jove from the mountain Casiu (meaning to a sanctuary there), some silver craters and an enormous gilded ox horn, as gifts for his victory against the Getae. So, it is incontestable that this “Casion oros”, whose memory is preserved in two great wars which took place near the Istru, could not be in Antioch Syria, where the Greek authors have tried to place the first battles of Jove with Typhon, as well as the solemn sacrifices made by Trajan in gratitude for his victories against the Dacians [6].

[6. The mountain Casiu was, according to Apollodorus (I.6.3) in “Syria from beyond”. Which was though this Syria from beyond? The term yper… used in this case by the sources of Apollodorus, indicates quite exactly that here is not meant an Asiatic Syria, but a Syria from the north of the Greek regions (cf. Polyb. IV.29.1). Stephanos Byzanthinos mentions a city or a region (polis) in Thrace with the name Sirra, whose geographical situation is unfortunately unknown. And in ancient times, under the name of Thrace was understood the entire north of Europe, above Greece (St. Byz.Skythai)].

An important part of the crest of the Carpathians, which stretches from the Iron Gates up, towards Retezat mountains, had and still has today the name of Cosiu, name identical in essence and form with Kasion oros, mentioned by Apollodorus.

In the center of this vast semi-circle of the Carpathians, which encloses the western plains of Romania, and especially at the point of origin of the valley called Topolnita, we are presented with one of the most important natural defensive positions of this region, namely the mountain called Gradet, and at the foot of this mountain, another steep crest called Cosuri, term which belongs to the same type of names as Kasion and Cosiu. On the top of this high peak of Gradet, can be seen even today the ruins of an extensive gigantic wall called “Zidina Dachilor” (TN – zid = wall). The remains of this strong and colossal fortification belong to an archaic defensive system. It is a vast fortified enclosure, whose primitive function was to protect the inhabitants of western Oltenia against the enemy invasions, coming from the lower regions, or from the Danube.

“I have never seen until today”, writes Cesar Bolliac, “any other Dacian fortress, with such a size, strength and built on such a height. Here the stone is hewn from the neighboring mountains, and thrown on this peak with a titanic force, then gathered and tied together with a cement as strong as the rock” (Trompeta Carpatilor, nr. 785, 1869).

In the neighborhood of this strong defensive centre, strengthened by nature and by the hand of man, can be found even today various stone tools and Neolithic pottery. The traditions tell us that here was in antiquity the theater of a great war with a people from the southern regions (Spineanu, Dict. Geogr. Jud. Mehedinti, p.166). Here could be seen until our days, between the villages Balotesci and Scanteiesci, the enormous stone boulders of an extensive necropolis, called by the folk people “the graves of the Jidovi”, or of the giants (Spineanu, ibid. p.166; Filip, Studiu de geografie militara asupra Olteniei, p.96).

But what is of a special importance for the study of these historical events, is that, in this same region, between the villages Balotesci and Isvorul Barzei, not far from the mountain Gradet, there is the village and tableland called Curecea, and facing this tableland, there is a cavern with a particular folk tradition, analogous to that of Korikion antron, namely that in this cavern from Curecea there was a Jidov or a giant; imprisoned or not, the tradition doesn’t tell [7].

[7. This cave is situated in front of the tableland Curecea, on the hill called “Petra cu ciorele” (TN – the Rock with the crows), which is situated on the right bank of the river Topolnita, between the villages Balotesci and Isvorul Barzei, close to Severin.

The positive etymology of the name Korikion antron seems to be the word koraxi, Lat. Corax, raven, crow (TN – ciora). We find a similar name with the geographer Mela (lib. I.19; III.5), who mentions in a vague way a long chain of mountains called “mons Coraxicus”, which was connected to the Rhipaei mountains. We also find with Mela (I.13) an important topographical note regarding this cavern (specus Corycius). Near this cavern, he says, there is also a big river, which springs from a vast mouth and which, after flowing for a short distance, sinks and disappears again into the earth. Almost the same phenomenon presents today the river Topolnita, which flows along the foot of the hill, in which there is the cavern from nearby Curecea. Then this river sinks into the earth at the hill named Prosec, and reemerges at the mouth of the Cave facing Topolnita monastery].

 Arimaspi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Arimaspi -Arimaspians-were a legendary people of northern Scythia who lived in the foothills of the Riphean Mountains, variously identified with the Ural Mountains. All tales of their struggles with the gold-guarding griffins in the Hyperborean lands near the cave of Boreas, the North Wind (Geskleithron), had their origin in a lost work by Aristeas.The Arimaspi of northern Scythia, perhaps in the foothills of the Carpathians, were so utterly legendary to Greek writers that it was said they had a single eye in the center of their foreheads.

Legendary Arimaspi

Battles between griffons and warriors in Scythian tunics and leggings were a theme for Greek vase-painters. Spiritual descendants of the one-eyed Arimaspi of Inner Asia may be found in the  

decorative borderlands of medieval maps and in the monstrous imagery of Hieronymus Bosch.

Chalice-crater Louvre CA491.jpg

 

 

 The Arimaspi were described by Aristeas of Proconnesus in his lost archaic poem Arimaspea. Proconnesus is a small island in the Sea of Marmora near the mouth of the Black Sea, well situated for hearing travellers' tales of regions far north of the Black Sea. Aristeas narrates in the course of his poem that he was "wrapt in Bacchic fury" when he travelled to the north and saw the Arimaspians, as reported by Herodotus:

"This Aristeas, possessed by Phoibos, visited the Issedones; beyond these (he said) live the one-eyed Arimaspoi, beyond whom are the Grypes that guard gold, and beyond these again the Hyperboreoi, whose territory reaches to the sea. Except for the Hyperboreoi, all these nations (and first the Arimaspoi) are always at war with their neighbors..."^[1]

Herodotus, "Father of History", admits the fantastic allure of the edges of the known world: "The most outlying lands, though, as they enclose and wholly surround all the rest of the world, are likely to have those things which we think the finest and the rarest." (Histories iii.116.1) Ignoring his scepticism, Strabo and Pliny's Natural History perpetuated the fables about the northern people who had a single eye in the center of their foreheads and engaged in stealing gold from the griffins, causing battles between the two groups. 

 

 Man (Arimaspus?) riding a griffin. Side A's neck of an Apulian red-figure volute-krater, ca. 340 BC. Krater neck griffin Antikensammlung Berlin 1984.42.jpg. Loebbecke Painter.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Krater_neck_griffin_Antikensammlung_Berlin_1984.42.jpg

   http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Arimaspos_griffin_woman_Louvre_M74.jpg

Woman and Arimaspus riding a griffin. Attic red-figure hydria in the Kerch style, ca. 370–350 BC. From Cyrenaica. Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman Antiquities, Sully, first floor, room 44, case 3, Louvre,  Paris,France

The vases are thus named because a large quantity of them was found at Kerch (ancient Pantikapaeum) on the Black Sea, in Scythian Dacheans territory. At the time of their production, Kerch Style vases were exported to all of the Mediterranean region, but unlike earlier phases, the Black Sea area was the main market for this Late phase of Attic pottery export. Most of the previously current vase shapes were still painted, but kraters, lekanes (see Typology of Greek Vase Shapes) and pelikes were especially popular. The motifs are mostly scenes from the life of women (often exaggeratedly idyllic), dionysiac themes and subjects to do with Artemis and Demeter. Fighting griffins are another common subject.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch_Style

Thracian coin, 2nd century BCE, from the city of Panticapaeum. Personal photograph 2006. I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby release it into the public domain. This applies worldwide. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThracianCoin.JPG 

Historical Arimaspi

Modern historians speculate on historical identities that may be selectively extracted from the brief account of "Arimaspi". Herodotus recorded a detail recalled from Arimaspea that may have a core in fact: "the Issedones were pushed from their lands by the Arimaspoi, and the Scythians by the Issedones" (iv.13.1). The "sp" in the name suggests that it was mediated through Iranian sources to Greek, indeed in Early Iranian Arimaspi combines Ariama (love) and Aspa (horses)^[2]— a designation that fits very well to any steppe people of riders. Herodotus or his source seems to have misunderstood the Scythian word as a combination of the roots arima ("one") and spou ("eye") and to have created a mythic image to account for it. 

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Arimaspus_griffin_Louvre_G553bis.jpg

Arimaspus fighting a griffin. Attic red-figure pelike in the Kerch style, ca. 375–350 BC. From Italy (?). |H. 26.4 cm (10 ¼ in.), Diam. 17.9 cm (7 in.) |Tochon Collection, 1818 |G 553 bis |Department of Greek, Etruscan and Roman ), Louvre,

 Paris, France

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 The brief report of Herodotus seems to be very flimsy ground for making unequivocal statements about the historical background out of which the legend emerged. Notwithstanding these reservations, Tadeusz Sulimirski (1970) claims that the Arimaspi were a Sarmatian tribe originating in the upper valley of the River Irtysh, while Dmitry Machinsky (1997) associates them with a group of three-eyed figurines from the Minusinsk Depression, traditionally attributed to the Afanasevo and Okunevo cultures of Southern Siberia.^[3]

  Mythological background

As philologists have noted, the struggle between the Arimaspi and the griffins has remarkable similarities to Homer's account of the Pygmaioi warring with cranes. Michael Rostovtzeff found a rendering of the subject in the Vault of Pygmies near Kerch, a territory that used to have a significant Scythian population.^[4] Analogous representations were discovered at Volci and the fifth kurgan of Pazyryk.^[5] A Hellenistic literary rendering of a battle with uncanny guardian "birds of Ares" is in Argonautica 1.

Cheremisin and Zaporozhchenko (1999), following the methodology of Georges Dumézil, attempt to trace parallels in Germanic mythology (Odin and the mead of poetry, the eagle stealing golden apples of eternal youth). They hypothesize that all these stories, Germanic, Scythian, and Greek, reflect a Proto-Indo-European belief about the monsters guarding the entrance to the otherworld who engage in battles with the birds conveying the souls of the newly dead to the otherworld and returning with a variety of precious gifts symbolizing new life.^[6]

 References and notes

1. ^ Herodotus 4.13.1
2. ^ Compare "Hystaspes", or closer to the Greek world, "Philip"
3. ^ Machinsky D. A. Уникальный сакральный центр III - середины I тыс. до н.э. в Хакасско-Минусинской котловине. // Окуневский сборник. St. Petersburg, 1997:3.
4. ^ The 2nd-century BC tomb "shows the battle of human pygmies with a flock of herons".[1]
5. ^ D.V. Сheremisin, A.V. Zaporozhchenko. The "Sacred Centres" of Eurasia and the Legend about the Arimaspi and the Griffins. // Итоги изучения скифской эпохи Алтая и сопредельных территорий. Barnaul, 1999:228-231.
6. ^ Ibidem.

 External links

• Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911: "Arismaspi"
• "Europes Thaumasioi"
• Michael D. Winkle, Built Up Logically: An Attempt to Map (Literally and Metaphorically) The Secondary World of the Gryphons: an eccentric reading of Bolton

Further reading

• J.D.P. Bolton, 1962. Aristeas of Proconnesus (reprinted 1992).

• T. Sulimirski, 1970. The Sarmatians (Thames & Hudson, 1970)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arimaspi"

Categories: Mythological peoples | Greek mythology

 

Links

• House with the Mosaics at Eretria legendary battles between Arimaspians and griffins,
• Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911: "Arismaspi"
  
• "Europes Thaumasioi"
  
• Michael D. Winkle, Built Up Logically: An Attempt to Map (Literally and Metaphorically) The Secondary World of the Gryphons: an eccentric reading of Bolton

Antique Literature:

Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 802 ff. (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
"[Prometheus warns the wandering maiden Io:] But now listen to another and a fearsome spectacle. Beware of the sharp-beaked hounds of Zeus that do not bark, the Grypes (Griffins), and the one-eyed (monôpoi) Arimaspoi, mounted on horses, who dwell about the flood of Plouton's stream that flows with gold. Do not approach them."

Herodotus, Histories 3. 116. 1 (trans. Godley) (Greek historian C5th B.C.) :
"But in the north of Europe there is by far the most gold. In this matter again I cannot say with assurance how the gold is produced, but it is said that one-eyed men called Arimaspoi steal it from Grypes. The most outlying lands, though, as they enclose and wholly surround all the rest of the world, are likely to have those things which we think the finest and the rarest."

Herodotus, Histories 4. 13. 1 :
"There is also a story related in a poem by Aristeas son of Kaüstrobios, a man of Prokonnesos. This Aristeas, possessed by Phoibos [Apollon], visited the Issedones; beyond these (he said) live the one-eyed Arimaspoi, beyond whom are the Grypes (Griffins) that guard gold, and beyond these again the Hyperboreoi, whose territory reaches to the sea. Except for the Hyperboreoi, all these nations (and first the Arimaspoi) are always at war with their neighbors; the Issedones were pushed from their lands by the Arimaspoi, and the Skythians by the Issedones."

Herodotus, Histories 4. 27. 1 :
"Of these too, then, we have knowledge; but as for what is north of them, it is from the Issedones that the tale comes of the one-eyed men [Arimaspoi] and the Grypes (Griffins) that guard gold; this is told by the Skythians, who have heard it from them; and we have taken it as true from the Skythians, and call these people by the Skythian name, Arimaspoi; for in the Skythian tongue 'arima' is one, and 'spou' is the eye."

Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 24. 6 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"Grypas (Griffins), Aristeas of Prokonnesos says in his poem, fight for the gold with the Arimaspoi beyond the Issedones. The gold which the Grypas guard, he says, comes out of the earth; the Arimaspoi are men all born with one eye; Grypas are beasts like lions, but with the beak and wings of an eagle."

Pausanias, Description of Greece 1. 31. 2 :
"At Prasiai [in Attika] is a temple of Apollon. Hither they say are sent the first-fruits of the Hyperboreans, and the Hyperboreans are said to hand them over to the Arimaspoi, the Arimaspoi to the Issedones, from these the Skythians bring them to Sinope, thence they are carried by Greeks to Prasiai, and the Athenians take them to Delos."

Pliny the Elder, Natural History 4. 88 (trans. Rackham) (Roman encyclopedia C1st A.D.) :
"Along the [Black Sea] coast [of Europe], as far as the river Tanais [the Don], are the Maeotae [a Skythian tribe] . . . and last of all in the rear of the Maeotae are the Arimaspi. Then come the Ripaean Mountains [the Ural] and the region called Peterophorus, because of the feather-like snow continually falling there . . . Behind these mountains and beyond Aquilo [Boreas the North Wind] there dwells--if we can believe it--a happy race of people called the Hyperboreans."

Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7. 10 :
"Also a tribe is reported next to these [i.e. the tribes of Skythia], towards the North, not far from the actual quarter where Aquilo [Boreas the North Wind] rises and the cave that bears its name, the place called the Earth’s Door-Bolt (Ges Clithron)--the Arimaspi whom we have spoke of already, people remarkable for having one yes in the centre of their forehead. Many authorities, the most distinguished being Herodotus [Greek historian C5th B.C.] and Aristeas of Proconnesus [Greek poet C7th B.C.], write that these people wage continual war with the Grypes (Griffins), a kind of wild beast with wings, as commonly reported, that digs gold out of mines, which the creatures guard and the Arimaspi try to take from them, both with remarkable covetousness."

Suidas s.v. Arimsaspeios (trans. Suda on Line) (Byzantine Lexicon C10th A.D.) :
"Arimaspeios (Arimaspeian): A place. Also Arimaspos, its ethnikon." The Arimaspoi may be the same as the Arimoi tribe mentioned by Homer and Hesiod. Homer also mentions another similarly named Skythian tribe, the Kimmeroi in the Odyssey. According to Herodotos the root word arimos was Scythian.

Homer, The Iliad 2. 780 (trans. Lattimore) (Greek Epic C8th B.C.) :
"The ground echoed under them, Zeus who delights in thunder were angry, as when he batters the earth about Typhoeus, in the land of the Arimoi, where they say Typhoeus lies prostrate."

Hesiod, Theogony 295 (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek Epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"She [Ekhidna] has her cave on the underside of a hollow rock, far from the immortal gods, and far from all mortals. There the gods ordained her a fabulous home to live in which she keeps underground among the Arimoi, grisly Ekhidna, a Nymphe who never dies, and all her days she is ageless."

Sources:

• Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound - Greek Tragedy C5th B.C.
• Herodotus, Histories - Greek History C5th B.C.
• Pausanias, Guide to Greece - Greek Geography C2nd A.D.
• Pliny the Elder, Natural History - Latin Encyclopedia C1st A.D.
• Suidas - Byzantine Lexicn C10th A.D.

http://www.theoi.com/Phylos/Arimaspoi.html

Thrace

Non-Greek neighbor of Greece to the north, comprising modern Bulgaria and part of modern Greece and Romania. The Thracians of the Classical period were much influenced by both Persian and Greek art. They are shown wearing fox-skin caps (alopekides) and patterned cloaks (zeirai), dress which is also affected in Athens in the classical period. Their women (killing Orpheus) are shown with tattooed necks, arms and ankles.

Above left: Map of the Mediterranean and Black Sea © Beazley Archive, Ian Hiley

Above right: Death of Orpheus, Thracian woman with axe. Detail from Athenian red-figure neck-amphora c. 500-450 BC. Ashmolean Museum 1966.500. Photo. Beazley Archive, Ian Hiley © AshmoleanMuseum

Tracul arimin Hecateu din Abdera, oraş în Tracia, care a trăit la Alexandria în Egipt în secolele lll-ll î.e.n. în timpul domniei regilor Ptolomei şi  unde a scris în greacă două tratate, respectiv, Despre hiperboreeni şi Despre Egipt susţinînd că filozofia greacă vine de la aceste două popoare.

http://www.ariminia.ro/geto-dacii/dacii.html 

This site has good documentary information, but we can not agree or condone the bad language and invectives spread in the text.

Valac, Dac, Român, marile etnonime ale aceluiaşi neam
 
De peste 150 de ani dicţionarele limbii sanscrite şi ulterior cele de mitologie generală spun lumii întregi că valahii au fost sacralizaţi ca zeitate colectivă a înţelepciunii denumită Valac-Hilya în mitologia vedică. Cu toate acestea continuă în mod absurd să se afirme de către filologi că etnonimul „valac” ne-ar fost atribuit după mai mult de două milenii de la această atestare de către slavii, – chiar şi grecii, nepoţii noştri, se lăudă că ne-ar fi atribuit ei  acest etnonim -care ar fi venit prin secolele VI-IX pentru a continua în spaţiul carpato-danubiano-pontic lecţiile de vorbire întrerupte în anul 271 d.Chr. de retragerea aureliană.
Prea a trecut, însă, mult timp de la formularea acestei explicaţii lipsită de orice temei pentru a nu respinge ca detestabilă aroganţa cu care Universitaţile din ţară şi mai ales Academia Română, refuză să accepte, după zeci şi zeci de ani de progrese în lumea tuturor ştiinţelor, că atestarea de cu 4000 de ani în urmă se referă la naţiunea română din moment ce toate dicţionarele alătură cuvântului „valac” şi pe cel de „dac”.
Prea ne este specific tandemul etnonimic „valac-dac” pentru a nu se remarca faptul că alături de zeitatea Valac-Hilya se află la mare preţ în mitologia vedică zeul Dakşa considerat zeu creator, „strămoşul primordial al tuturor fiinţelor lumii”, cum găsim înscris la V. Kernbach.
-  Cei care erau adoraţi ca zeitate colectivă în India sub denumirea de Valac, erau străbunii noştri Pelasgi, acei nobili Arya, preoţi,  care au devenit clasa conducătoare a Indiei, denumiţi şi Brahmani (Rahmani-Ramani-Rama). Cercetători de la Universitatea britanică Cambridge, în frunte cu renumitul Gordon Childe, au stabilit ca spaţiu de dezvoltare a Culturii Vedice, zona Carpaţilor, de unde aceasta a fost dusă în India de nobilii (preoţii) Pelasgi, ca dovadă pentru acestea, limba română are acum peste 1000 de cuvinte comune cu sancrita (limbă moartă), printre care şi cuvintele sacre ale vedelor, Om, Sa, Rama, Dakşa, Valac (valah), Vede, etc  -
Cu o nepăsare condamnabilă au trecut lingviştii, şi filologii noştrii în general, peste faptul că celebrul tandem „valac-dac” se regăseşte şi între cuvintele de uz comun ale limbii sanscrite: „valaka” având înţelesul de procesiune, iar „dakşa” pe cel de sărbătoare a solstiţiului de iarnă. Atunci cand este adjectiv „dakşa” mai are şi înţelesul de capabil, de priceput. Exista şi cuvântul „dikşa” care defineşte totalitatea pregătirilor pentru un act religios şi cu toate acestea sutele de cuvinte comune limbii române şi limbii sanscrite, printre care şi cele de mai sus, n-au făcut obiectul cuvenitelor cercetări, în ciuda faptului că lucrările meritorii ale autodidacţilor cu privire la acest fond româno-sanscrit au solicitat frecvent studierea şi includerea lui oficială în istoria limbii române începând cu anul 1909 (sic).
Revenind la problema în sine a etnonimelor valac şi dac, definitoriu este faptul că alături de teonimele Valac-Hilya şi Dakşa, cuvintele sanscrite de uz comun: „valaka, dakşa şi dikşa” au de asemenea semnificaţie sacră, ceea ce pune în evidenţă statutul sacru acordat vlahilor din Dacia, precum şi prestigioasa lor anterioritate în raport cu perioada apariţiei primelor scrieri vedice, cum este Rig-Veda datând din prima jumatate a mileniului doi înainte de Cristos.
Memoria colectivă a omenirii păstrează prin memoria nemuritoare a cuvintelor amintirea faptului că Valahia Dacică reprezenta Paradisul pentru toată omenirea de la Est la Vest şi că valahii numiţi şi daci erau considerati sfinţiţi pentru fervoarea cu care şi-au asumat rolul de misionari civilizatori în numele Dumnezeului Dumnezeilor lumii.
Această concluzie este confirmată şi de cercetările Institutului American pentru Drapelele Lumii pe baza cărora Whitney Smith a arătat în tratatul său de vexologie, din anul 1975, că sub semnul Dragonului Dacic s-a făcut istoria lumii din Persia până în Bretania timp de 2500 de ani. Or, aşa după cum am arătat în repetate rânduri, simbolul numit Dragonul Dacic este hieroglifă pentru numele lui Dumnezeu, care se citeşte la fel ca şi tetragrama sacră.
Pentru vlahii din sudul Dunării cuvântul Vlac urmează succesiunea de transformări Vlac→Dlac→Trac, iar pentru cei ajunşi în Mesopotamia cuvantul Dlac este citit în sens invers pentru a genera cuvântul Caldei numiţi şi Haldei în Cartea proorocului Daniel. Ei sunt cei care au răspuns împăratului în limba aramaică. Cuvântul „haldeu” s-a păstrat prin tradiţie şi în limba română de către călugării Daciei încreştinaţi ulterior, care îl mai atribuie uneori şi preoţilor de mir, aşa cum se arată în Micul Dicţionar Academic.
Spre deosebire de plăsmuirile admise până acum fără probe, aceaste explicări ale etnonimelor „valac” şi „dac” bazate pe atestări de mare prestigiu ne conferă nouă, celor care vieţuim de la Facerea Lumii pe pământul Daciei, statutul unic de entitate sacră etalon, atât pentru civilizaţiile din Orient, cât şi pentru cele din Occident, care împreună ne-au considerat în mod explicit Axis Mundi.
Poate că în spiritul acestei sacralităţi primordiale trebuie căutată şi originea reală a etnonimului „român” având în vedere că deducerea lui din „romanus” ar presupune un fapt istoric fără precedent în spaţiul cucerit de imperiu, cu atât mai greu de acceptat cu cât începând cu Maximus Thrax în anul 235 şi până la Focas (602-610) împăraţii au fost de origine illiro-tracă. Dacă vom mai avea în vedere şi marea revoltă a vlaho-tracilor declanşată în anul 257 de Ingenuus, dar continuată pe ambele maluri ale Dunării de Regalian (258-268) din neamul lui Decebal, care ajunge conducătorul marelui regat independent dintre Corint şi Vistula, Moravia şi Nipru cu capitala la Sarmisegetuza, unde a şi bătut monedă proprie, nu rămâne mai nimic din aşa numita mândrie a vlaho-dacilor de a renunţa la propriul lor etnonim şi de a-l adopta pe cel de „romanus”.
Şi totuşi românii ca vorbitori ai limbii române au fost până la sfârşitul secolului XIX populaţia dominantă în Peninsula Balcanică la nord de Corint şi cu toate fracturile provocate de istorie încă se mai regăsesc sub forma unor comuităţi străvechi până la mari distanţe dincolo de graniţele actuale ale României.
Pe acest fundal geo-istoric incompatibil cu asumarea la nivel de masă a lui „romanus”, atunci când Roma nici nu mai era o glorie, lingviştii ar trebui să reevalueze semnificaţia faptului că pentru etnonimul „român” au supravietuit şi forme rotacizate, nu numai în dialectul istro-român despre care se spune că ar fi rotacizat cuvintele de origine latină, ci chiar în limba albaneză care prin marea ei vechime a conservat în fondul traco-illir şi cuvântul „rrëmër”, sinonim pentru cuvântul „vlac” cu conotaţia sa de oier. Dar conform unui larg consens existent între lingvişti (Émile Benveniste, Origines de la formation des noms en indo-européen, Paris, 1962, p. 3-22) tipul nominal în r/n este considerat cel mai arhaic vestigiu pentru străvechea flexiune indo-europeană, aşa încât prin însăşi formele sale rotacizate „rrëmër” sau „rumăr” cuvântul „român” provine din fondul prelatin fiind asociat celor mai arhaice vestigii ale fondului indo-european, de unde şi posibilitatea de a-i explica originea pe baza celor mai vechi atestări scrise, mult mai vechi decât bănuitul „romanus” asociat distrugerii şi jefuirii timp de 165 de ani a cel mult o cincime din teritoriul Daciei.
În fond, un foarte mare număr de autori antici (Homer, Herodot, Eniu, Amian, Quintilian, Plaut, Cato, Polibiu, Cicero, Ovidiu etc) şi unii autori din prima parte a evului mediu (Isidor de Sevilla, Papa Nicolae I, Suidas etc) ne-au considerat barbarofoni, adică vorbitori de limbă barbară, alături de locuitorii din jumătatea sudică a continentului european alcătuind astăzi zona limbilor romanice.
Dar în acest caz, remarcabil este faptul că ritualul Fraţilor Arvali de sfinţire a ogoarelor adresat zeului Mars era numit Ambarvalia (vezi Dicţionarul de mitologie generală al lui Victor Kernbach), ceea ce arată că denumirea de „barbar” a fost la origini un concept sacru (Ambarvalia = Ambarbaria) şi că denumirea sacră de Arvali este desprinsă chiar din numele sacru al ritualului: Amb-arvali-a. În mod similar numele de „rumăr” se regăseşte în cuvântul „B-arbar”, unde segmentul „arbar” a suferit trecerea B→M, adică „armar” rostit uneori în albaneză „rrëmër”, ca şi în istro-română „rumăr”, iar în daco-română „rumân” sau „român” prin trecerea lui r→n.
Foarte uşor se poate constata, însă, că cele două variante „Ambarvalia” şi „Barbar” provin si ele de la aceeaşi sintagmă teonimică arhetipală Valac-Valac atunci când este abreviată Val-Val, de unde şi Bar-Val din Ambarvalia, dar şi Bar-Bar pentru sonorizarea ambilor termeni ai sintagmei. Ca dovadă că această explicare pe baza limbii române a cuvântului „Arvali” este corectă, în cântecele Fraţilor Arvali au mai rămas prin uz religios antic cuvintele româneşti „berbece” (berbecez în loc de verveces) şi „descântec” (descindentes devenit ulterior carmen dicentes).
Tot pe seama abrevierii Val-Val devenită Var-Dal, prin trecerea V→D ilustrată în tabel, se explică originea sacră a străvechiului cuvânt dacic Vardal, devenit Ardal sau Ardeal prin pierderea lui V iniţial.
Pentru moment renunţăm la celelalte conexiuni care toate pun în valoare importanţa imensă a sintagmei teonimice arhetipale Valac-Valac, pentru a sublinia că pe seama ei au apărut în diferite epoci etnonimele „Valac, Dac, Rumân” perfect interşanjabile prin una şi aceeaşi semnificaţie sacră şi că limba română vorbită de purtătorii acestor etnonime este limbă liturgică, dar şi prima matrice reală a limbilor romanice. Dacă vom mai constata că Svenska se mai poate scrie (s)Velska, că Vlah se mai poate scrie Helv sau Horv, iar Vlas se mai poate scrie şi Slav atunci vom înţelege că importanţa limbii române este mult mai mare pe măsura a ceea ce înaintaşii, stăpâni pe ştiinţa originilor, au vrut să sugereze prin oronimul Himalaia (Hivalaia = Valahia) sau prin oronimul mitic Himli.
George Liviu Teleoacă
Etichete:LINGVISTICA ISTORIE PELASGI DACI VALAHI ARYA BRAHMANI RAHMANI RAMANI RAMA CULTURA VEDICA LIMBA SANCRITA GEORGE LIVIU TELOACA
 

South-west migration

(instant computer translation from Rumania)
The Spanish culture has been written since the fifth century that the fourth virt dismounting of Spain by the Goths, Dacians who are former (Geta et illi qui nunc Gothic) led to the formation of nation state and Iberian Spanish.In the following centuries, the legend grows reaching a true historical reference, cultural and moral development of Spanish society. Like any home mioritic mind I put a natural question: have gone bad on our lands this nation or a disgraceful thing stinks worse?
Let us also clarify why they say finished, we must look into our history so old falsified mentors professed hatred of the nation! Much of the answer to this question is still on tablets of reserchers from the Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest. Romanian historians who knew something about his Getica Iordanes have slapped a short, Goth is a confusion between the Roman Empire Dacians who broke down and Goths who came to our lands centuries mm-mmm. And their full of flavor called prophecy was cast in stone, incense, and put as unsettled for deep gratitude to Our Lady!But these are no longer zăluzenii recorded in history books do not ask someone if a trial is fair or muss.

The Visigoth kings tombs of Old Castile is written for posterity,

"Rex Godorum Gaetorum et  Dacorum Hispaniae Rex and that is our meaning,"

king of the Goths, the Dacians, the Dacians and the King of Spain! They did not know who these kings had as subjects in their kingdom and would be decorated with liftele mioritical 'hemp Resistant Collar "for," virtue "of high treason! Bastarns tablets say they arrived in the middle Getae Glia lV century BC where they underwent a strong process, "getizare" I century BC and the beginning of our ancestors have been in contact to the east, with iazigii / Goths. Mythology show us that it took many elements of religion and culture and the Dacians Bastarns Germans were regarded by the other one of their own race but after the customs of the Dacians descending.
Martial (cca.40 - approx. 103), in Pharsala, put in a single line name Dacula, getului and Iberia - Hincesti Dacus Getes ocurrat Hiberis independent premature. This verse was interpreted by Isidore in the seventh century as a prophecy and Spain was to be invaded by the Dacians, but not only her world would be invaded by the Dacians. History begins to go into legend. Spanish writer, Paulus Orosius, a refugee in Africa for fear we Goths leaves ending in 417 stories about migration and emphasizes the Goths in Spain, "Geta et illi qui nunc Gotha (who now calls Getae Goths) and Dacia ubi et Gothia - Dacia where and Goths. He does a description of the tribes that troop from side to side of Europe and toward the east is clear that Alan, where's the middle Dacia and the Goths, then comes Germany, where most of a mastered suevii - these all are 54 nations in number.Land north of the Danube Barbaricum calls and the south of the Danube, Romania, which includes Pannonia, Moesia, Dalmatia, Istria, Macedonia, Thrace. Remember the battles with the Dacians and Domitian Diurpaneus driver appears to be mentioned in all the Spanish chronicles. Romanian historians have taken it on the Orosius Diurpaneus but passed over in silence the rest of the information. The former Dacia, now Goths out great invasions that destroyed the ancient world and with it the collapse of the Roman Empire as they sniffed a Seneca (4 BC - 65 AD) Lucan both in Spain and a yet unknown premonition Romanian culture! Hispanic philosopher like having a prophetic prediction, saying that fury, fatal day "will come from the land Getae, when the Danube waters unleashed will ascend to heaven, and a steep one including an immense whirlwind stretch of lands and cities.The sky will pour endless torrents, rivers swell its waters and come in jelly, the seas will rise from the river bed and flood the earth to destroy humanity. "How do you think will be Rhone, Rhine and Danuviul, whose course is rough even in the queen's, when banks will cut in November and breaking down the earth, will leave all of their bed? ... When Danuviul not reach, not just the foot or mountain belt, but it beats the peaks, dragging with it povîrnişurile flood and capes snatched costişele vast lands, which, from the depths, it will come off the continent? And then, finding out - for yourself and shut them all - is back and includes a whirlpool in one whirlwind suddenly a huge expanse of lands and cities? "The picture continues to thunder storms and rough seas until it rises to beat into the sky and destructive over the desolate land.The unfortunate survivors of the human race like creatures clinging to the last jagged infirm - lost in the ocean - which are no longer capable of any pain. Note that Seneca wrote these lines at 60 years and are very similar with the Bible but then the Jewish writings were not anything to Roman culture. Is it just a hunch or philosopher known myths and legends about which we know nothing! Ciency speak of the terrible arrow flew to heaven - Talis Getica arundo in exile dream coelum dimitti handbook sows death where wonders. His nephew, Lucan mentions the fame arc made hardwood getic in Armenia, "bow Armeniosque Geticis neruis intende. May says, "Massagetia the Scythian Ister, and Dacians Dacians who watched the fall of Rome," unknown nations will follow the struggles of Latin Kings and other stars are under the sea separates them from us will join the Roman wars, and I one will live peacefully? O gods, keep me away from this madness! How?Fall of Rome and move to the Dacians and the Dacians and I stay away from worry? ... Feuding with all the people we only deviate from the civil war. Let us part in the Dacian threat of another getul; to năvălească Iberian one in the way, to turn the other flags of dawn tolbele arrows. But the world was a world Getae mysterious and frightening and represent a border Ister penetrated so hard for both Greeks and Romans. Terrible cold, dark woods and no end, people get religion and bravery of Getae was more a legend than a realm of the ancient Mediterranean world could understand. To their mind, however was not only a land that inspires fear, but something magic that flowed from the genius of that people and came in his defense.
Fabulous history that fills the medieval Spanish chronicles is gathered from the legends and myths East Mediterranean and especially about the enigmatic lands of the Caucasus and the mouth of the Danube, shrouded in mist Arctic and unsearchable Thracian mysteries that are lost in the night time. There in the mist of the Caucasus, the Caspian Sea and the Bosporus Cimerian (Crimea), there lived a generation that is the name Iberia and Iberia could not be alienated from beyond the columns of Hercules. Eschyl (525-455), father of Greek tragedy Scythians say that the nation is kept strong in their motherland in a region, "Thrace near the northern Caucasus near the Ister" mioritical that our lands! Greek writer writes this information to nearly 900 years before Orosius and has the advantage of direct knowledge of these lands. It must be admitted that his information is correct Eschyl that statement is found in other ancient Greek and Roman sources.Medieval chroniclers could not say clearly if people here had gone there, or if not everyone here is pulling tribe of Caucasian Iberia, come to Spain in time immemorial, which carried with them a system of laws which boasted that it would be old 6000 years! World fabulous lands of those trampled in Spain in May. Amazons, which Homer says Thracian origin were pregetaseră not go to sea and earn fame and Hispanic lands. And in the mists of time are those Iberian tribe that migrated mioritic XVll BC centuries after the catastrophic eruption of Santorini. And they all went and Turdetano Tartesico discovered writing.
Isidore, bishop of Seville wrote in the early seventh century, the Historia Regibus Gothorum, et Suevorum Vandalorum as a tribute to the formation of the Germanic peoples and the nation's Hispanic culture.He was an ardent admirer of the Goths as he got home and his information is based on ancient sources other than his Getica Iornandes he did not know her. The author wishes to make an apology to the descendants of Dacians Goths that starting from the Orosius, but the saying goes the way of etymological and genealogical reconstructions giving them a symbolist value of his speculations on the names and words. Etymologies allows us to see what he thought about the erudite prelate Sevillana Getae distant country, so mysteriously linked to the destiny of Spain. Geography is a very vague with information gathered from several ancient writers. World wide was horsemen roamed by bands of rough barbarians who passed over the ruins of former settlements. Dacia dropped by the Roman legions, was occupied in turn by the Goths, Gepyds, Huns, Avars and when Isidore wrote his opera, the masters were temporal lands Carpathian Slavic tribe.In Isidore tells us stories that Dacia was tall mountains in the vicinity where the Goths were the kingdoms of Scythian incursions across the Danube in the Roman provinces. They shared with other nations, these high mountains. There are information about the history of the Goths along the Danube and their migration to the west until arriving in Spain. The paper ends with a recap: "Living in the frozen northern lands near the Scythian kingdom where there are high mountains, they had acquired these mountains together with other nations, where, driven by the rush of the Huns, crossed the Danube and were subjected Romans. But unable to bear their iniquities, they choose a king of their nation, invaded Thrace, eating into Italy, Gaul goes on, and passed without opposition Pyrenees, end up in Spain, where they settled abode of life and their Empire " . Race and got praised features of writing to the word 'Dacians;blond and wearing their heads uncovered - flavent capitibus invectis Geta, skilled riders after about a poet - Getes, Inquire, Pergamon equo quo, contemptuous word to death after another poet. Glorify virtuous nation that has made, "Rome itself, the conqueror of all nations" to serve, obedient and to receive triumph getic yoke. " Happiness is the country where it flourishes once the joy of the glorious fecundity getic people - Geticae gentis fecunditas glorious. Sevillana prelate histories and etymologies can find important notes about the Dacians Dacians or that even distorted, echoing a historical realities were sometimes reflected in ancient sources. St. Eugene is reminiscent of a dispute between Eleazar Paulo Alvaro and the first able to speak about the turmoil of the Black Sea and literary praise in verse Leovigild's library because it shone, "ciency light."As they say, but we hold that such information is not hard to get out of mioritic bit! Towards the end Xlll century, the myth tems, the image's fabulous Deceneu great form as he learned to King Alfonso Sabio him in the General Chronicle. This king is the father of Spanish culture and the arts by cultivating science to poetry and music up to astronomy and astrology, to his masterly Under getul Diçeneo or Dicineo is almost a saint and philosopher, is not only a wise counselor viforosului Boruista (Bisto boero ) but is really the model of King Alfonso, who, through the merits of listed and taken from his Getica Iornandes, help shape the foundations Spanish culture calling him he Sabio - Wiseman. Only respect for the Catholic Church led the king to put him in a discreet shade Deceneu pre-Christian or had information which we know nothing!Myth getic gains attributed to the Goths and moral significance, leaving traces in all Hispanic writers and historians of the Middle Ages is the myth of the Wise Deceneu or Goths, which makes Rada Jimenez toledanul Myth cîrmuiri Wisdom and good founders of the new Spain. Zamolxe appears he is considered king of the Goths and a marvel of wisdom and philosophy "so that the deaf ear! Spanish author says he has collected so much information from ancient writers, from Iornandes and oral traditions and songs of the Goths, a procedure that they used and got writer. Iornandes say about these songs that preserved the memory of Deceneu they must have themselves been a legacy of the Dacians! Alonso CartajenaEnrique wrote during the LV-century Spain and tells us that the kings descended from the Dacians princes, taking his name from the only place where they live, because it was more illustrious than that of the ancestors and the name of Geta is encountered in medieval writings and is considered a title of nobility! In heraldry symbols appear Getae Spanish kings, arrows and yoke frightened world as evidence of wealth in cattle. If Orosius said that Dacians are Goths who conquered Spain, two centuries after Isidore argues strongly identity with the Dacians and Goths in the centuries that followed, to prove their nobility, scholars and the ruling class had to show descent from the Dacians. From Isidore of Seville, the legend has grown, has taken root in all parts of the history and chronicles Getae / Dacians in fabulous form entered into the history of Spain.Name or Buruista Boruista Getae, Diurpaneus,'s Decebalo Zamolxis and meet in the St. Isidore Deceneu at Archbishop Rodrigo Jimenez Rada, to King Alfonso Sabio him, taking place in the genealogy of the Spanish people themselves and arrived in Spain because the Gothic nations. They inherited the Spanish culture and no culture Getae Germanic nations with Odin, the supreme god, Thorr, the god of thunder and war, Loki, the god of fire damage and death underground, Baldr, god of justice and reborn after the great catastrophe of nature! Core of culture and history of migration carried Carpathian Gothic nations in Spain, a legend and he turns the color of the other facts that make up lost in the mists of history. No Spanish history under the name recognized some ancestral forefathers of our nation! We would find today because of the book written by Alexander Busuioceanu Zamolxis wandering printed in Spanish and Romanian in 1985.It is a miracle that lead tablets from the Institute of Archaeology in Bucharest and helps us to know this venerable form of chronicles written by archbishops and kings of Spain, Romanian unread until today. Our historians researching these columns and if they hit the seizures would go to a suspect and would yell out of all minds: they are fakes as lead and slates Tărtăria discovered, and thus fandasia is ready!
To destroy forever the idiocy of our nation Latin niscaiva I will use the information gathered with great sîrg Spanish răulenii remember before. Tell them that in ancient toriştea - Iberia, the natives were so crude as that the Romans had not yet arrived to enlighten them - is writing a joy. But archeology has discovered more evidence of trouble writing, appreciating them Vlll-ll-century BC but their age may be higher.They come from the east region and Turdetano Tartesico (new cemeteries remind us of tartaric and Turdaş) south-east and south-west of Iberia. Between the Dacians used 46 points in their polojeniile lead tablets are identical or similar points of these writings and 34 of the timber growing signs that are identical or similar plutaşii Bistrita used by ancient Iberian letters! To see what we are restless nation especially as we sit with deep roots planted in our land! To be finches on branches by the end cîntării Iberian remember that old writings have 12 identical signs Tărtăria writing and 13 common signs of Sumerian writing (Ki-en-gi) where stray Carpathian part of the second generation lV millennium BC Maul forever to cut them to spell those bitter birthday present given several names from the Christian Spanish: Antonio Diaz, Diego, Durao, Aurelio and some tablets collected from non-Christians Getae Antonio, Tiaz, Diegio, Duro, Orelio.When they left the population in Iberia mioritical difficult to answer but can say that they have had some time to organize their social structure which requires the use of writing and they were quite numerous for such an action requires more brains and skill of craftsmen.  I believe that by the middle millennium BC ll take these năbădăioşi anxiety started to leave their ancestral toriştea the Carpathians and elsewhere in May put on a civilization! This is the first migration of carpaticilor in Iberia, the two have made it to the early fifth century with Bastarns 'getizaţi' and other Germanic tribes and the third is made nowadays!

Another direction of migration in the mid-century Carpathian i.e. XVll. N. is to the west, southwest and most restless until they arrived in North Africa.The oldest population of the territory between Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean formed getulii as a source of ancient writing. Peerless horsemen, divided into several tribes, lived from large herds of sheep and the hunters and when the opportunity arose to something robberies were not fussy. Salustiu said, "Africa has taken a first and libienii getulii, harsh and uncivilized people who are fed with meat and herbs wild beasts." And Isidore of Seville writes, "About getuli Dacians are said to have been that too many of them went with their ships and took Syrtele of Lybia and because the lands had come Getae getuli name has been applied." Amazing similarity of the alphabets used by the populations that we know today call name Berbers, the Tuareg and Libyan alphabets on tablets of lead Getae fully acknowledge this information and investigate when the Vlachs Burada Galician found that they've been digging his flock with the expressionber, ber, we use the term forced labor, forced labor! Berber women have a dress very similar to that of Romanian women in the mountains (shepherds). They have a head wrap of seamless white cloth, the body is covered with a white shirt, hot all the way up above the knee coming close to having the shoulder short sleeves. He wears all white skirt that falls to near the ankle and the front is an apron. The body is wrapped in a woolen fabric similar to that worn by shepherds in the back forming a sort of hood.Men have a simple white shirt glowing in the middle, with long sleeves and large, over bearing a bundle with colorful stitching and tassels like those of Osensei and pants are loose, white and rounded with a thread at the bottom of the trouser-legs . There are folk in their music, pieces that are similar to our popular music.

Emishi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the tribes. For the statesman at the Yamato imperial court, see Soga no Emishi. For the fictional character, see Emishi Haruki.

Emishi
Family name
Pronunciation	Emishi
Region of origin	Japanese
Footnotes: from Namio, Egami, et al., Ainu to kodai Nippon. Japan: Shogakukan, 1982, p. 92.

Look up 蝦夷 or emishi in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

The Emishi or Ebisu (蝦夷^?) were a group of people who lived in northeastern Honshū in what is today known as the Tōhoku region. They are referred to as michi no oku (道の奥^?) in contemporary sources. Some Emishi tribes opposed and resisted the rule of the Japanese Emperors during the late Nara and early Heian periods (7th–10th centuries AD). More recently, scholars believe that they were natives of northern Honshū who were descendants of those who produced the Jōmon culture. They are thought to have been related to the Ainu. The separate ethnic status of the Emishi is not in doubt, based on a separate language from Japanese that scholars have not been able to reconstruct, but can be inferred from the use of interpreters who were needed to communicate between the Japanese and the Emishi, and the many Ainoid place names left in the Tōhoku. The famous Emishi generals who fought in the Thirty-Eight Years' War (AD 774 to 811), Moro and Aterui, have non-Japanese names as well.

Contents [hide] 1 Origin of the word "Emishi" 2 Relationship to the Jōmon 3 History 3.1 Early conquest by Imperial army 3.2 Thirty-Eight Years' War 3.3 Abe clan, Kiyohara clan and Northern Fujiwara 3.4 Downfall of Emishi and emergence of Ainu 4 Emishi envoys to the Tang court 5 Emishi in popular culture 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links

[edit] Origin of the word "Emishi"

The record of Emperor Jimmu on Nihon Shoki mentions about the people called "Emishi"—written as 愛瀰詩 with ateji—who his armed forces defeated before he was enthroned the Emperor of Japan.^[1] According to Nihon Shoki, Takenouchi no Sukune in the era of Emperor Keikō proposed that they should subjugate Emishi (蝦夷) of Hitakami no Kuni (日高見国) in the eastern Japan.^[1] The first mention of Emishi from a source outside Japan was in the Chinese book of Song in 478 which referred to them as "hairy people" (毛人). The book refers to "the 55 kingdoms (国) of the hairy people (毛人) of the East..." as a report by King Bu—one of the Five kings of Wa. The Japanese used this kanji to describe these people, but changed the reading from "kebito" or "mojin" to "Emishi" most likely by the seventh century AD. Furthermore, the kanji character also changed to 蝦夷 which is a combination of the character for "shrimp" and "barbarian" in the same century. This is thought to refer to the long whiskers of a shrimp, however, this is not certain. The barbarian aspect clearly described an outsider, living beyond the border of the emerging empire of Japan which saw itself as a civilizing influence, and thus justifying their conquest. This kanji was first seen in the T'ang sources that describe the meeting with the two Emishi that the Japanese envoy brought with him to China (see below). The kanji character may have been adopted from China, but the reading "Ebisu" and "Emishi" were Japanese in origin, and most likely came from either the Japanese "yumishi" which means bowman (their main weapon), or "emushi" which is sword in the Ainu tongue.^[2] Other origins have been proposed such as the word "enchiu" for man in the Ainu tongue, however, the way it sounds is almost phonetically identical to emushi so it may most likely have had an Ainoid origin.^[3]

[edit] Relationship to the Jōmon

Recent scholarship has created a much more complicated portrait of this people. By and large, they are seen as indigenous to Japan and not simply as ancestors to the Ainu, but descendants of the Jōmon. Even though historically they emerge as serious challengers to the nascent Japanese state they had inherited a rich and separate tradition that went back several millennia before the Japanese speakers came to the islands of Japan.

In the study of Jōmon skeletal remains dating from thousands of years ago, a direct connection with the modern Ainu was confirmed, showing a definite linkage between the two groups. This linkage however, shows that the Jōmon people were very different from modern Japanese and other modern East Asians. The physical appearance of a number of the Ainu who were first encountered by the Europeans in the 19th Century were similar to Caucasians, and thus caused quite a stir among contemporary academics, and has spurred debate about their origins. It is thus surmised that the Jōmon also were physically unlike other East Asians. This said, physical anthropologists have found that diachronically, and geographically, the skeletal structure of the Jōmon population changed over time from southwest to northeast, paralleling the actual migration of Japanese speakers historically, so that more Jōmon traits are preserved in the north.

Studies have also shown that skeletal remains from larger settlements in the Tōhoku corresponding to where burial mounds (kofun) were built have traits that are halfway between Ainu and present day Japanese, so the idea that the Emishi were made up solely of Ainoid ancestors is untrue. The Emishi were a mix of both Ainoid and types of people scholars have called "Kofun people" who were not a separate race or ethnic group, but were a mixture of both native Jōmon and the more recent groups identified with the Yayoi culture. This dovetails nicely with the "transformation" theory that native Jōmon peoples changed gradually with the infusion of Yayoi immigrants into the Tōhoku rather than the "replacement" theory which posits that one population (Jōmon) was replaced by another (Yayoi).^[4]

The Emishi were composed of two main populations, the Jōmon Ainoid who were the majority and a smaller group the Kofun united by a common Ainoid language distinct from Japanese. These two populations were not distinguished by contemporaries, but rather by present-day physical anthropologists. Historically, they were seen as one group by contemporaries, mainly those who were descendants of the natives (the Jōmon) called Emishi and Ebisu who also had in their population those of mixed ethnicity, most likely descendants of early Japanese colonists. In addition, the contemporary Japanese for their part looked upon the Emishi as foreigners and barbarians whose lands they desired to conquer and incorporate into the Japanese state.

Though it is not known how much the Emishi population changed as Japanese settlers and frontiersmen began to live in their territories even before the conquest, the existence of Emishi Kofun types attests to some form of ethnic mixing. The Japanese established trading relations with the Emishi where their horses were imported and iron tools and weapons exported to their territories. To complicate matters, some ethnic Japanese allied themselves with the Emishi in their wars against the Yamato court. The latter were known in the Nihon Shoki as "Japanese captives" of the Emishi.

[edit] History

The Emishi were represented by different tribes, some of whom became allies of the Japanese (fushu, ifu) while others remained hostile (iteki).^[5] The Emishi in northeastern Honshū relied on their horses in warfare. They developed a unique style of warfare where horse archery and hit and run tactics proved very effective against the slower contemporary Japanese imperial army that relied on mostly heavy infantry. Their livelihood was based on hunting and gathering as well as the cultivation of grains such as millet and barley. Recently, it is thought they practiced rice cultivation as well in areas where rice could be grown readily. The first major attempts to subjugate the Emishi in the 8th century were largely unsuccessful. The imperial armies modelled after the mainland Chinese were no match for the guerrilla tactics of the Emishi.^[6] The Nihon Shoki's entry for Emperor Yūryaku (Ohatsuse Wakatake) records an uprising after the Emperor's death of Emishi troops levied for an expedition to Korea; the date (and indeed reality) of Yūryaku are uncertain, and the Korean reference may be anachronistic, but the compilers clearly felt that Emishi troops were credible in such a context.

It was the development of horse archery and the adoption of Emishi tactics by the early Japanese warriors that led to the Emishi defeat. The success of the gradual change in battle tactics came at the very end of the 8th century in the 790's under the command of the general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro.^[7] They either submitted themselves to imperial authority as fushu and ifu, or migrated further north, some to Hokkaidō. By the mid-9th century most of their land in Honshū was conquered and they ceased to be independent. However, they continued to be influential in local politics as powerful Emishi families who submitted themselves to Japanese rule eventually created feudal domains in the north that became semi-autonomous. In the two centuries following the conquest a few of these became regional states that came into conflict with the central government. The following is a brief chronology of the main events in the relations between the Emishi and the Japanese.

[edit] Early conquest by Imperial army

AD 658: Abe no Hirafu's naval expedition of 180 ships reaches Aguta (present day Akita) and Watarishima (Hokkaidō). Alliance with Aguta Emishi, Tsugaru Emishi and Watarishima Emishi is formed by Abe who then storms a settlement of Mishihase (Su-shen in the Aston translation of the Nihongi) a people of unknown origin, who are defeated. This is one of the earliest reliable records of the Emishi people extant. At this early age it is almost certain that the Emishi encountered here are ancestors of the Ainu since the territories covered by the expedition are in areas where these people are thought to have lived. The Mishihase may have been another ethnic group who competed with the ancestors of the Ainu for Hokkaidō. Ironically, the earliest expedition happens to be the furthest northern penetration of the Japanese Imperial army until the 16th century, and that later settlement was from a local Japanese warlord who was independent of any central control.^[8][9]

AD 709: The fort of Ideha was created close to present day Akita. This was a bold move since the intervening territory between Akita and the northwestern countries of Japan was not under government control. The Emishi of Akita in alliance with Michinoku attacked Japanese settlements in response. Saeki no Iwayu was appointed Sei Echigo Emishi shōgun. He used 100 ships from the Japan sea side countries along with soldiers recruited from the eastern countries and successfully defeated the Echigo (present day Akita) Emishi.^[10]

AD 724: Taga Castle was built by Oono no Omi Azumahito near present day Sendai and became the largest administrative fort in the northeast region of Michinoku. As Chinju shogun he steadily built forts across the Sendai plain and into the interior mountains in what is now Yamagata prefecture. Guerilla warfare was practiced by the horse riding Emishi who kept up pressure on these forts, but Emishi allies ifu and fushu were also recruited and promoted by the Japanese to fight against their kinsmen.

AD 758: After a long period of stalemate, the Japanese army under Fujiwara no Asakari penetrated into what is now northern Miyagi prefecture, and established Momonofu Castle on the Kitakami River. The fort was built despite constant attacks by the Emishi of Isawa (present-day southern Iwate prefecture).

[edit] Thirty-Eight Years' War

AD 774 marked the beginning of the Thirty-Eight Years' War (三十八年戦争) with the defection of a high ranking Emishi officer of the Japanese army based in Taga Castle, Korehari no kimi Azamaro. The Emishi counterattacked along a broad front starting with Momonohu Castle, destroying the garrison there before going on to destroy a number of forts along a defensive line from east to west established painstakingly over the past generation. Even Taga Castle was not spared. Large Japanese forces were recruited, numbering in the thousands, the largest forces perhaps ten to twenty thousand strong fighting against an Emishi force that numbered at most around three thousand warriors, and at any one place around a thousand. In 776 a huge army of over 20,000 men was sent to attack the Shiwa Emishi, but failed to destroy the enemy who then successfully counterattacked their cumbersome foes in the Ōu Mountains. In 780 the Emishi attacked the Sendai plain successfully torching Japanese villages there. The Japanese were in a near panic as they tried to tax and recruit more soldiers from the Bandō.^[11]

In the AD 789 Battle of Koromo River (also known as Battle of Sufuse) the Japanese army under Ki no Kosami Seito shogun was defeated by the Isawa Emishi under their general Aterui. A four thousand strong army was attacked as they tried to cross the Kitakami River by a force of a thousand Emishi. The imperial army suffered its most stunning defeat, losing a thousand men, many of whom drowned.

AD 794: Many key Shiwa Emishi including Isawa no kimi Anushiko of what is now northern Miyagi prefecture become allies of the Japanese. This was a stunning reversal to the aspirations of those Emishi who still fought against the Japanese. The Shiwa Emishi were a very powerful group and were able to attack smaller Emishi groups successfully as their leaders were promoted into imperial rank. This had the effect of isolating one of the most powerful and independent Emishi, the Isawa confederation. The newly appointed general Sakanoue no Tamuramaro then attacked the Isawa Emishi relentlessly using soldiers trained in horse archery. The result was a desultory campaign that eventually led to Aterui's surrender in 802. The war was mostly over and many Emishi groups submitted themselves to the imperial government. However, skirmishes still took place and it was not until 811 that the so-called Thirty-Eight Years' War was over.^[12] North of the Kitakami River the Emishi were still independent, but the large scale threat that they posed ceased with the defeat of the Isawa Emishi in 802.

[edit] Abe clan, Kiyohara clan and Northern Fujiwara

Main articles: Abe clan, Kiyohara clan, and Northern Fujiwara

After their conquest, some Emishi leaders became part of the regional framework of government in the Tōhoku culminating with the Northern Fujiwara regime. This regime and others such as the Abe and Kiyohara were created by local Japanese gōzoku and became regional semi-independent states based on the Emishi and Japanese people. However, even before these emerged, the Emishi people progressively lost their distinct culture and ethnicity as they became minorities.

The Northern Fujiwara were thought to have been Emishi, but there is some doubt as to the lineage of them, and if they were descended from local Japanese families who resided in the Tōhoku (unrelated to the Fujiwara of Kyoto) then the study would confirm this. Both the Abe and Kiyohara families were almost certainly of Japanese descent, both of whom represented gōzoku, powerful families who had moved into the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa perhaps during the ninth century though when they emigrated is not known for certain. They were likely a Japanese frontier family who developed regional ties with the descendants of the Emishi fushu, and may have been seen as fushu themselves since they had lived in the region for several generations.

Soon after World War II, mummies of the Northern Fujiwara family in Hiraizumi (the capital city of the Northern Fujiwara), and hence were thought to have been related to the Ainu were studied by scientists. However, the researchers concluded that the rulers of Hiraizumi were like other Japanese of the time, and certainly not related to the ethnic Ainu.^[13] This was seen as evidence that the Emishi were not related to the Ainu. This had the effect of popularizing the idea that the Emishi were like other contemporary ethnic Japanese who lived in northeast Japan, outside of Yamato rule.

[edit] Downfall of Emishi and emergence of Ainu

Main article: Ainu people

Minamoto no Yoritomo, a descendant of Emperor Seiwa, finally defeated the Northan Fujiwara in 1189 and established the Kamakura shogunate in 1192.

The people who migrated to the northern tip of Honshū and Hokkaidō region retained their identity and their separate ethnicity, and their descendants eventually formed the Satsumon culture in Hokkaidō. Historically, they became a distinctly different population from those who were conquered and integrated into the Japanese state. The Emishi except them became more like other ethnic Japanese while the Hokkaidō Emishi, known by contemporaries as Watarishima Emishi, or 'Emishi who crossed to the island', eventually became known as the Ezo, and later in the modern period the Ainu.

[edit] Emishi envoys to the Tang court

The evidence that the Emishi were also related to the Ainu comes from historical documents. One of the best sources of information comes from both inside and outside Japan, from contemporary Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty histories as these describe dealings with Japan, and from the Shoku Nihongi. For example, there is a record of the arrival of the Japanese foreign minister in AD 659 where conversation is recorded with the Tang Emperor. In this conversation we have perhaps the most accurate picture of the Emishi recorded for that time period. This episode is repeated in the Shoku Nihongi in the following manner.

Two Emishi, a man and woman, from contemporary Tōhoku accompanied the minister Sakaibe no Muraji to Tang China. The emperor was delighted with the two Emishi because of their "strange" physical appearance. This was an emperor who was most likely the illustrious Emperor Tang Taizong who was familiar with many ethnic groups throughout his Empire, from Uyghurs and Turks to Middle Eastern traders. However, he probably did not have any contact with Europeans. The Japanese envoy for his part describes the contemporary relationship with the various Emishi: those who had allied themselves with the Yamato court (known as 和蝦夷 niki-emishi, i.e. 'gentle Emishi'), those who remained as enemies staunchly opposed to Yamato (known as 荒蝦夷 ara-emishi, i.e. 'rough Emishi' or 'wild Emishi'), and the distant Tsugaru Emishi (located in present-day northern Aomori and in southern Hokkaidō). All Chinese documents from the T'ang and Sung refer to them as having a separate state north of Japan and call them 毛人 (Mandarin máo rén, Sino-Japanese mōjin), literally 'hairy people'. This is also corroborated in the Shoku Nihongi, in which they are described consistently as having long beards and as kebito, or 'hairy people', characteristics that have been used to describe the Ainu in the modern period. These same kanji characters were read as 'emishi' before the Nara period.

[edit] Emishi in popular culture

• The term Emishi is used for the village tribe of the main character Ashitaka in the Hayao Miyazaki animated film Princess Mononoke. The village was a last pocket of Emishi surviving into the Muromachi period (15th century).

[edit] Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} "朝廷軍の侵略に抵抗" (in Japanese). Iwate Nippo. September 24, 2004. http://www.iwate-np.co.jp/sekai/sekaiisan/sekaiisan6.htm. Retrieved March 1, 2011. 
2. ^ Takahashi, Takashi, 蝦夷 (Emishi) (Tokyo: Chuo koron, 1986), pp.22-27. Good discussion on the various possible origins of the name.
3. ^ I use "Ainoid" here to distinguish between the people who are related to, or are ancestors of the Ainu from the Ainu themselves who first emerge as "Ezo" in Hokkaido in the Kamakura period, and then become known as Ainu in the modern period.
4. ^ Ossenberg, Nancy (see reference) has the best evidence of this relationship with the Jōmon. Also, a newer study, Ossenberg, et al., "Ethnogenesis and craniofacial change in Japan from the perspective of nonmetric traits" (Anthropological Science v.114:99-115) is an updated analysis published in 2006 which confirms this finding.
5. ^ Takahashi,pp.110-113.
6. ^ Farris, William Wayne, Heavenly Warriors(Cambridge: Harvard University Press,1992),p.117.
7. ^ Farris, pp.94-95,108-113.
8. ^ Aston, W.G. trans. Nihongi(Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle), pp.252,260,264.
9. ^ Nakanishi, Susumu, エミシとは何か(Emishi to wa nanika),(Tokyo:Kadokawa shoten,1993), pp.134-140. Modern analysis of the expedition.
10. ^ Farris,p.86. Farris's account does not have all the details, but is a readily available source for the war's chronology in English.
11. ^ Farris,pp.90-96.
12. ^ Takahashi,pp.168-196. Very detailed analysis of the end of the war and the effects on the former Emishi territory.
13. ^ Farris, p.83.

[edit] References

• Aston, W.G. Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, 1924. Originally published in 1896. The standard English translation of the ancient Japanese compilation known as the Shoku Nihongi.
• Farris, William Wayne. Heavenly Warriors: The Evolution of Japan's Military: 500–1300. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1996. ISBN 9780674387034, ISBN 9780674387041.
• Nagaoka, Osamu. 古代東国物語　(Kodai Tōgoku Monogatari). Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1986. For readers of Japanese, a detailed account of the campaign against Aterui. ISBN 9784047031708.
• Nakanishi, Susumu. エミシとは何か: 古代東アジアと北方日本　(Emishi to wa nani ka: kodai higashiajia to hoppō nihon). Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1993. Japanese source that conducted a study of the skeletal remains of persons who lived in the Tōhoku region both during the Jōmon and Yayoi periods. Limited coverage of skeletal remains of the historical period, but covers the history. ISBN 9784047032477.
• Ossenberg, Nancy S., "Isolate Conservatism and Hybridization in the Population History of Japan" in Akazawa, T. and C.M. Aikens, eds., Prehistoric Hunter Gatherers in Japan: New Research Methods. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1986. ISBN 9780860083955.
• Takahashi, Takashi. 蝦夷: 古代東北人の歴史 (Emishi: kodai Tōhokujin no rekishi). Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha, 1986. ISBN 9784121008046.

[edit] External links

• Who Were the Emishi?
• Conquest of Emishi
• Ainu Origins from the Field Museum of Natural History site
• Emishi: a more in-depth interpretation of recent research
• Aterui the Great

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emishi"

Categories: Ancient peoples | Ethnic groups in Japan | Ainu | People of Asuka period Japan | People of Nara period Japan | People of Heian period Japan

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Eastern Ariminii - Meals and Ainu

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Hittite writings XVlll-Xll century BC say they have faced  geska or kaska tribes. But the great adventure of these nations is filling the whole region between the Tigris and Euphrates in 1530 BC and set up a powerful kingdom which lasted until 1150 BCis known in history as the period kaşită region. Akadiene writings are referred to as the kaski or Kasi. These tribes are mentioned in the May Hittite tablets under the name of musk. Misia mass or small kingdom is referred to as neo-Hittite empire in the documents (1450 - 1200 BC). in the west, near Troy.
Land Hajasa or Azzi, located in north-eastern rebel Hittite empire seeking support from family Karanni kasca but the king is being replaced with King defeated Marija. Muscles (Mosca) after the Assyrian documents are identicii with Phrygians (Thracians) Hati as the population of the country, which led by their leader dealing Mitas Hajasa kingdom. The name appears later that the Greek form of Midas. In Asia Minor, says Homer, Phrygians and Hittites were replaced quickly becoming the dominant power. On the Xll century BC Hittite empire were subject peoples sniffed the wind of a riot, and blood in his veins were swollen and cried to Hattusa:or his band, or blonde, until all the sheep to be? Restless natures had their abodes in southeast and eastern Black Sea is organized into small kingdoms such as mass / mass and Arzawa were Dacians north branch of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Nation kasca longer found in southern and eastern Hittite empire in năbădăile their being tolerated by them because they were the only ones who knew the secret of ironwork that was a big military advantage. Tumulus necropolis at Lapus, Maramures iron ax was found dated to 1200 BC which shows that we keep close to these restless of kaska or Mosca. Sarduk of lll, King of Urartu in the early calculations Vlll unclear BC family have something kaska / musk and boasts that it has solved their land conquering sword. In north Dobrogea were discovered more coins dated lll century BC with the inscription, Emperor conos Santa "and read the wrong king Moscone.In Greek word meaning king basileus was much later in the Byzantine empire, designating it the old public office. In the seventh century BC in Athens under the reign there were nine archons for different areas of public activity. In order of importance, the second was arhontele basileus dealing with administration, organization and supervision of the religious cult! For the supreme political power, used the word Mato Dacians and the army commander called him basileo. These coins come from the kingdom as it appears in the table or Mosca Hittite texts as they were saying and was located in south-eastern and eastern Black Sea. The text should read as such, Emperor + musk + on (race) + os (strong), ie, Musk, head of powerful people and their dating is something hundreds of years earlier. A similar formula is found in Table 14. Remember this city on the banks of the Siret MOTCA in Iasi and surnames Mosca met in Satu-Mare as subjects for historians mind.We have an age cuvinţel we show our people that these lands and traitors tîmpiţii say they were filled with urdorile Romans their empire. Moscal old instrument is flute or singing with the god Pan, but our nation transhumant shepherds said to whistle and flute by shaking the mountains and hills and streams of tears shed springs. And this tool comes word that is moscalagiu artisan who has moscalului mînuirii scientist who was made reeds. And Ovid says that the Dacians were great craftsmen of the pan flute played with tubes which were sealed with pitch. These guys we are, people mioritic wistful and full of the superfluous man I came to our house. The Greeks called such and calib răuleni plimbăreţi or Cabir.And his presence on the island of Samos Zamolsiu to pass on these reverence Cabir, which flies at the Cross of the Saviour's religion proves that the visit was the high priest get a chance, you are interested in religious reform progress that has done it in Getae. Herodotus the stories tell us that after crossing the river Tanais (Don) and virt go east for 18 days, you're nose to nose with Massagetia, ie the kingdom of mass Dacians. On Massagetia who lived beyond the river in Scythia Araxes calls them, "milk drinkers." (The river flows from south-eastern Black Sea sources of the Euphrates, flows eastward through the crescent land fertility, crosses a short distance from Yerevan city and flows into the Kura River near the Caspian Sea). How the Greeks lacked then and now sound and have sisi name after their vices. And he tells us that those north of the tribe hălăduieşte Massagetia evergeţilor. Geloniiwhich gives us some information about all Greek history, were of the same nation with the Maris agathîrşii, stowed away in the country during the Hercules and lived at a distance above Lake Maeotis 15 days. Lucan, Spanish poet says Nero's time 'Massagetia the Scythian Ister "Dacians Dacians and watched the fall of Rome. In De bello civilians say that our ancestors passed through Europe, Egypt and Etruria and reached their boats including the Lacus Maeotis Scythia Minor, dark swamp filled with all sorts of nations. I called and the hands that volucres sagittiferi geloni arrows which fly as birds and are a population gelonii Scythian. He says that the Scythians as gelonii Massagetia are found around Lake Maeotis (Sea of ​​Azov). ... Does not stop Massagetia Scythian Ister, he crosses into the far north on the Suevii the blond with white bodies. "These names do not faithfully reflect the ethnic composition of the populations concerned and even the author recognizes that there were all sorts of nations, reminding him that only those Roman world knew anything about the information collected at this time are quite vague. Apollinaris Siddonius poet, in the lyrics of the Carmina V, devoted to the years 474-479 Maiorianus General Julius Valerius wars on the Danube which says that he brought to obedience, "bastarni, Suevus, Panonius, Neurus, Chunus, Geta, Dacus, Alanus , Bellonothus, Rugus, Burgundio, Vesus, Alites, Bisalta, Ostrogothus,  Procustes, wire, Moschus, "that is our nation or Massagetia Mosca. They were the ones who spread the alphabets of the peoples of Eastern Europe Dacians up in Siberia.On one side of the Hittite nation chronicles Mosca noted, severely defeat the evils of others, forcing them to soar above all to northern Europe where one nine torişte Saru. Ill-intentioned and some mystical Sobors say that it was Moscva principality. The Chronicle of Pseudo writes Nicholas Costin 1707 Mr Michael Racoviţă Moldova, is agiunse Musk to flee to the Emperor. "Chronicles the Russian and Polish Volohs remember, held in south-eastern border of Poland inhabited by Volohs or vlohi ie Romanian. The word is in Russian and direction of prediction, magician, wizard and pre-Christian cult of the Russians was ordained by these Volohs. The introduction of Christianity in 988 by Prince Vladimir gave out on these ancestors of ours who have put all năduful in a riot in 1071 but was beat bad.Many of them preferred to retreat to the upper Volga Ural in wooded areas are reminiscent of ancestral lands and to remain the religion of the ancient Dacians. Peter the Great learned they have not lost pious orthodoxy ears and placed them with the sword iahvist light path of Christianity. William Monk Rubruquis minorities, sent by the French king in the Tartar 1253 peace agreement with some writing, I have finally arrived in ethanol (Volga) a very big river ... but throughout the country and beyond, live aşanumiţii gaff, a people akin to the Romans. In the North Sea is where it comes from the Volga Bulgaria and in the south Caspian Sea. " Ascelin's writing since 1246 that this nation is called kangitae Dacians who lived under the tutelage kanului (inn). Today those nations of our living on the upper Volga Autonomous Republic of Mordovia, Russian Federation and are known aserzia and mocşa. On the border between Czech Republic and Germany is the place Moldavia, in Moravia have river Moldau (Moldova Germanization word) and in the Bulgarian city Muldava were discovered more archaeological cultures of the Dacians. These nations have been carriers in the world of alphabets Getae Siberia, cross the power of religion in Ili Saviour Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe and beyond. The word is Sanskrit moksha (mocşa) in respect of origin, birth, liberation. Popular traditions in Eastern Romania speak of a mythical people had once lived on these lands. Legends of Moldova, Bessarabia and Bukovina say or rahmanii rohmanii were Romanian and took their country called Country Rohmanilor which was located on the south of Moldova. They were old people that have replaced the Romanians today.Rohmani These are depicted as a kind of hermits, men of great piety and kindness, venerable and holy still live today in a desert somewhere on the sea shore. By leading an ascetic life, they thought they would reach eternal life. After another legend, the cranes were Rahmani homes. Vedic Mythology says that the Brahman race of Bharata had come to India they have conquered in the mid-century BC XVll Mahabhrarata, writing Sanskrit which tells this great adventure of migration from the region Rahmani Eastern Carpathians a sense of great (maha) ancestor (thread: father, ancestor) of Bihar and the western part of Bihar state of India is to remember that the Aryans (ariminii) from their ancestral toriştea Bihor / Bihar. Makar in Sanskrit means dolphin, crocodile, sea monster, is a fabulous group of beings with Vedic mythology and a gigantic crocodile and shark hybrid aspect, however, often taking the elephant-headed high trunk.Brahman and the Dacians nations were also met once in the sixth century BC at the end of history where the results Brahmi alphabet used by Buddhist sacred pillars in their writings. Alphabet to reach India because of the variety can even get Zamolxe, which has led many ideas that have reformed Brahmanism Buddhism was born out of the womb which Bhudda or Gautama (563-483 BC) made a visit in July Getae toriştea years where he got both taste and wisdom as mioritic writing. Table 6 tells Gomtaro found in Persian or Oriental clergy who can even get Gautama. Remembering those rohmani and keep it as a derivation of the name Roman aspiration or removal of the letter h in the delivery of rohman. In another legend or gentle Rahmani are these mythical population consists of the first people on earth who live at the end of the earth, or water beyond the other side of Saturday. Since the creation of the world took part in her support the pillars of the earth.Imagine that blond people happy, they live a carefree life Humble, based on virtue and the inability to do evil. Romanians make alms in memory of their first Saturday after Easter called Low Sunday. Another legend says gentle / Rahmani that Christians are a people who walk naked and live on an island surrounded by water of Saturday. They feed only on fruit and vegetables. The best hermits go there and never come back. They are at the gates of heaven, living water and dead water. Other sayings taken from mythology Romanian Marcel rohmani Olinescu said: Under our land .. there is another world. There are other realms and not up there yet no one, only men as Prince Charming rogue. In those realms reside a number of people who call or rugmani rohmani.They are men like us Romanians, but smaller in being and shall adopt the state and we are all Christians but they took faith in the Son of the Sheep, that is no longer cotim finger after our ancestors knew that before plăsmuirii Pharisees, there true religion of the cross made ​​by Lamb. In another myth we learn that the Romanians could read sloveneşte rudiments of Jews during / giants who were the first humans created by God but because they were wicked were destroyed in the flood. Last legend Gheorghe D. Chirileanu published in 1909 says that a bunch of Moldovans have left with a boat on the Black Sea. After several days of sailing, they saw a high mountain which drew an iron boat and poisoned - magnet. The boat capsized and dropped a single lad who came to this mountain. From here he took another boat and after a very long journey has reached a large island. The island was inhabited by blajinii orrohmanii saints. He began to visit places. What more marveled Moldovan rohmanilor water was taken from a mill that burned himself to one when a wick. A rohman meets him and asks him to be his servant. Moldavian provided he accepts to teach him to fire water. They understand and Moldavian serve seven years and learn how to prepare for fire water. These legends related to the collective memory of the Black Sea flood that occurred in the mid-sixth millennium BC, the migration of Emesa in Ki-en-gi (Sumer) of our lands from 3500 BC  and that our ancestors knew the family to read and write from the very creation of the world as a show and tablets of lead, because you were the first humans.Rohmanii walked naked from the waist up, their country was surrounded by water and the road was so long that other realm is used because the left did not know if it comes back. They were the sacred symbol of the cross with equal arms inscribed in a circle, or free and therefore they were called Christians. They used asphalt construction and insulation and oil for burning or lighting. In mythology they were dead and the living water and the water was coveted by those worthy heaven. Ramman Divine wisdom and protect weak people. They had links with West Indian civilization, Mohenjo-Daro which country called Magan and the similarity of the signs used in the writings in this area with those of Sumer and tartar, that they were related nations and many common cultural elements

Ainu people in their language that has meaning, "man"is the aboriginal population of Japan and lived long before the whole archipelago, where archaeological evidence early in Japanese mythology millennium BC lll the history taken by the cult of Shinto, he says that in the year 660 BC was formed by the first imperial dynasty Jummu Tenno or Iware, grandson of the goddess Amaterasu, who reigns today. He manages to drive out, the spider earth "later identified with the Ainu and a new capital bases, which guards the plains at the foot of the island of Honshu Yamato, and receives the title of Sumer (who governs the sky). But this title is reminiscent of the old civilization of Sumeru or Ki-en-gi in Emega, one of the cradles of modern civilization. The word is mentioned in the Bible where it says that the king of Babylonia Amraphel Lot makes slave but it will be issued by the brother of Abraham and fog warriors accompanying him. Battles were fought somewhere north of the Dead Sea and the text saysthe land of Shinar is a mountainous region to the left of Damascus. The Buddhist cosmogony mioritic inspired epic, is the world's central mountain Sumeru Sineru in Sanskrit and Pali, the terms show a mountain and a land around him as he was writing and that of Christians. How Brahman family have the same origin as emeşii the Carpathians and their religions worship deities of some height, showing the origin of cultures and time it took akadienii using it to describe Emese territory inhabited only by showing that they came from somewhere out there in the mountains. In Emese mythology spirit we Sumugan / Sumukan - mountain king - who was a deity of vegetation in the plains and protector of herds of domesticated or wild animals feed on these sites. In both terms sum / sumu meaning is the great power of deities of the high and ru and gan / kan means to guide, to lead, rule.Sumer title is taken from the safe Ainu people living in the mountainous region as Japanese mythology says. And when we Simeria, town near the mountains which were military and spiritual center of the Dacians. But historically, the migration of tribes of warriors from Korea in this island was the first century AD by the Ainu people and scaring the extreme north Hokaido and Sakhalin islands where it is today, lasted a long time. Ainu population subjected by tribes of warriors and led to the massacre of large parts of it, that explains very small number of them today. Their language is related to some Native American languages, but Basque and Sumerian. Tradition says that they are their descendants (as much as they escaped the Japanese sword) to a numerous and powerful people of the mythical character created Aeoina, its founder and first teacher and the people who came from the country Siren-ku. Aeoina created man - Ainu- The willow for the frame, the earth as meat, herbs for hair, but was forced to abandon work and returned when he learned the main crafts, hunting, fishing, building houses, farming, manufacturing garments. Their pantheon is populated by ghosts who inhabit the animals, which are released from the body of the Ainu hunters and returned to their state of mind called Kamui. But they are also found in plants, objects or landforms and natural phenomena. They have two groups of spirits, the heavenly (Passing Kamui): Kim A Kamui (Koro), bears the spirit protector of the mountains (they bear a ritual dance that brings a lot of us bear practiced New Year!) Shiramba, spirit of vegetation; Wakkaush spirit of water (in Romanian we have playfully) Kara Kamui, the manufacturer of land (in Emega kara: to uplift, to try, to light); Chise Kamui, family spirit (in emgi kisi: room for storing food), and earthly spirits: Kamui Fuchi, female spirit of fire;Hash-Inau-Uk, female spirit of hunting, Sarak Kamui spirit troubles, Ru-Koro, the spirit of men latrine; press Kamui, protective spirit of man enters the hut (click - to droop when entering houses or churches, homes us where entry was more than to delineate a particular sacred space or altar sacred hearth due).

Ainu creation myth of the primeval chaos mention made ​​of a mixture of water and land. A god created land separating it from water, being helped by a wagtail who, with her tail moving ever, the dry earth. Rocks, plains, water and other riches are made by god. We have a myth but there is also wagtails. Ainu believe that earthquakes are due to movements of a fish which sits on the back ground. Myth and the new form is identical. Spirits and ancestors reside in the six worlds beneath the earth. For us living in the seven heavens above the earth.But we find Aeoina creator myth and mythology Phoenician!
Aion first appears in the writings of the Phoenician history History Sanchoniaton Phoenicians, who lived in Xll century BC was taken by Philon of Byblos, text quoted by Eusebius of Caesarea. Thanks to a pair of runaway cosmic Pirjol Kolpia - wind force that male primary - and Baau (At night, the same divinity exists in Sumerian mythology) the first humans were born and Protogonos Aion. Aion has the meaning of eternity or time cycle and the myth occurs primarily Mot genitar mîlul of this version of which formed the universe, but later will be considered and the god of death. Aion found edible art fruit orchards being deified by the Phoenicians under the name Beelsamen (Lord, lord, king of heaven, creator of the universe and the supreme court). Accompanying is the Protogonos, born on genos and Gene is determined in Phoenicia. Aion appears in the Mithraic cult and the Gnostics is the creator of human spirituality and embodiment of eternal time (A:creation, ancestors, heirs + i: out, birth, prayer + on: race, clan, in the sense of the eternal, without beginning and without at the end).
Ainu population (released as they appear in ancient Japanese chronicles of Sumeru and our people were saying Emesa) say they came from Siretacu (Siren: to twist, to rotate, stories, yarn, to bind + ku: noble, to purify, brilliant, holy, white, fish, food). We Siret River in Moldova to the east of the Eastern Carpathians, which is a holy water in the ancient culture of our nation and the country Siren-ku Siretu holy water or holy Siretu country near the holy mountain. The eagle they say Oasi, ie zburătoarea Oas city from the sky reminding us. These data show unequivocally that the Ainu race once left on our land.